14 



under the chin, and a convex forehead ; another horse with an upright 

 mane is smaller in type and has a smaller head. If you will keep these horses in 

 mind, and compare them with the Prejvalsky horses, you will find that the Paleo- 

 lithic man with crude instruments was sketching on the walls of his caves horses 

 very similar to the Prejvalsky and very true to life. In two little Prejvalsky colts 

 taken in their winter coat in the Zoological Park, we noticed the upright mane, 

 no forelock, the convex face and heavy chin beard, and see the striking similarity 

 to the prevailing type of these Paleolithic pictures. 



We believe therefore that in these Paleolithic pictures we have a represen- 

 tation of the northern, clumsy, large headed, type of horse which we generally 

 speak of as the Norseman's horse, which belongs in Northern Europe. When 

 the Achaeans came down and conquered the Mediterranean Greeks; the horses 

 they brought were dun colored, of comparatively little speed, but of great en- 

 durance. They constituted one of the foundation strains of the heavy draft- 

 horse of the present day. Fig. 27. 



In the intermediate period of the last 70,000 years, the horse has developed 

 a forelock, which is undoubtedly a protection against the weather. 



The Shetland is especially illustrative of the general fact that wherever 

 the horse is restricted in its range to an island it is apt to become of diminutive 

 size. The animal, 'Highland Chieftain,' measured only 32 1-2 inches. I secured it 

 through the Whitney fund, and it was the smallest specimen which had been ex- 

 hibited in Scotland up to that time, four years ago. The animal is now mounted in 

 the American Museum, showing the smallest size of the artificial breed of horse, 

 a fine example in contrast with the larger sizes, the largest specimen of Percheron 

 breed which we have recently secured being 19 hands or 76 inches in height. 

 Fig. 28. 



A typical English Shire horse exhibits northern points, in its large ergots 

 and chestnuts, its heavy mane, its heavy forelock and heavy fetlock, heavy tail 

 and heavy winter coat. In all probability this was a product of the Norse type 

 of horse, improved by careful human selection and breeding and crossed with 

 the Southern horse. I must, however, make this point clear — that these types 

 are not directly descended from the Prejvalsky is evident from certain reasons 

 which are somewhat technical ; there was rather a sort of first cousinship in the 

 way of relation. 



This Celtic pony of Ewart is not an ordinary pony but what we must 

 regard as one of the most interesting and striking discoveries of recent times. 

 It is a new species of horse recently found on the British Isles, partly pure, partly 

 represented by certain strains, on the west coast of Ireland, in the Hebrides, 

 the Faroe Islands and in Iceland. This strain is quite abundant. Prof. Ewart 

 had this pony in his possession for two years before he recognized that he 

 had to do with a distinct species. The fact that it is a distinct species is shown 

 by an additional tooth, by the small size and fine shape of the head, by the small 

 sized chestnuts, the absence of the ergots, and by the very prominent covert 

 brush which covers the upper part of the tail. Altogether we have a type of 

 pony related more closely to the Arab than to the Norse horse, a type which 



