204 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE, 
[AucusT I4, 1875. 
HORTICULTURAL Хна, 187$. 
24 апа 25. р" Font Society’ Exhibition at the 
Al 
25. —Isle of T 
= я bition а es 
rrace, Marga 
26. —Royal Horticultural DT of Ireland. Autumn Exhi- 
A. Balfe, 28, Westland Row, Dublin. s 
ec., 
ЕУ D. Smith ү ү 8, Mm 
"Ax (9 oben 
ual Exhibition. Sec., у. C. Hen 
eld . Horti m 'Society's Айтпай Exhibition. 
SEP 
r.—Royal Нонени! Санан South Kensington. Meeting 
of Fruit and Floral Committees ў 
2, 3, and 4. — Mandhestet Botanical and Horticultural Society. 
Exhibition of Fruits, Vegetables, and Autumn Flowers. 
Manager, Bruce Findlay. 
2, 3, and to Fruit "Show at the Alexandra Palace. 
Manager, Mr. A EE nzie. 
—Crysta Palace. Autumn Exhibition of Fruit and Flowers. 
—Littleover Ы абсий Society's Exhibition, Sec., Mr. 
B. Toft. 
8.—Glasgow and West of Scotland Horticultural nie 
Autumn Exhibition. Sec., F. G. Dougall, 167, Can 
Street, Glasgow. 
— A 5 Brighton mii en Horticultural Society's Show. 
1r.—Lee ы Blackheath Horticultural a d s b of 
Cottagers' Produce. Sec., С.Н , Boo 
Lee. 
13 and 14.—Carnation Show at the Botanical Gardens, Old 
Trafford, NE dee 
15 and 16.— Royal Cal Caledonian Society. International Fruit and 
Edinburgh. Sec., J. Stewart, 5, Alva 
Street, чанына 
15 and 16.— Stamford Floral and Horticultural Society's Exhi- 
oe | rg fed wer Park. Hon. Secs., Messrs. Johnson 
Gardeners’ Chronicle, 
APPOINTMENTS ete 255 уче а 
arwickshire Horticultural 
's ү at at Coinbe Abbey. 
ође ed Orchids from 
ooms. 
Society 
“> кы 
pum ed Floral Commi 
xad itg ittees, at I1 A.M. 
WEDNESDAY, Aug. 18- an Importation of Bulbs from Hol- 
Sale of Established ported Orchids 
‘Twonspay, Aug. 19 і from 1 M. Linden, at Pieko Room: 
s. A hlc. Bits from —— Mod - 
TUESDAY, Aug. EN . Roezl, at 
аара ол 
МА: Y ni ei ft to cb that the 
AM F HEA 
| 
ALWAYS тезаш Eis Hae ERES Cul- 
tivators have plenty of opportunities of observ- 
ing this. r glass even, where every care 
is taken to render the conditions as uniform as 
possible, and where the amount of heat in а 
given time сап be pretty evenly regulated, d 
ferent effects are produced in different victi 
Out-of-doors, and on the large scale, it has 
been ed that the progress of vegetation in 
the N мем is more accelerated than it is in the 
South by an equal amount of heat. For 
instance, in Russia and Sweden, to secure early 
varieties of cereals, the seed must be procured 
from the northern 
be taken. м. е ан DE CANDOLLE Е 
been experimenting on this subject, and though 
his observations are at present too few to afford 
anything more than prese evidence, ye 
are of a highly in 
They are, moreover, of s uch a nature that cet 
can readily be repeated and extended by other 
observers i in various countries. 
experiments made by M. DE CANDOLLE 
Horticultural Society: Meeting of the | 
Pre ovinces ; „уйе for late > 
The first = of | 
noted by us at the time, Gardeners’ Chronicle, 
1872, p. 1002. In those experiments, the reader 
may be reminded, the learned botanist of 
Geneva procured seeds of three common wild 
plants from M St. 
the respective species whence the 
| t 
шык, жирне, and Palermo асу. i 
ere sown side by side on the 
of cc 
too varied and uncertain to es of ана) 
inference being drawn from them. 
rom the researches of QUETELET, and the 
calculations of the Russian astronomer, CARL 
LINSTER, it appears that plants as a rule produce 
leaves, flowers, and ripen seed in the North with 
a less- degree of heat than is required by the 
same species in the South for the like purposes. 
Thus, to take an illustration, the Birch tree 
expands its leaves at Brussels, on the average, 
on April r3, at St. Petersburg on May 16. 
Now the average total amount of heat above 
freezing point, as measured in degrees Centi- 
grade, received by the Birch tree at Brussels is 
381? while at St. Petersburg the sum of heat 
CANDOLLE further proceeded to test the matter 
in another manner, and has communicated the 
results to the Institute of France, from th 
Comptes Rendus of which learned body for 
June 7 of the present year we glean the follow- 
ing particulars :—M. DE CANDOLLE procured 
from Montpellier, during the winter, branches of 
two wild trees, the white 
о 
ture, viz, the Tulip tree and the Catalpa. 
the same time branches of the same trees 
were taken at Geneva. All these branches 
those from Montpellier and those from Geneva, 
were first of all placed for eight days in a room 
without a fire, the temperature of which was 
from 7? to 10? Cent. Subsequently, glass bottles 
half filled with water, and with a layer of sand 
at the bottom, were Et and the branches 
were plunged into the sand, a branch of the 
Montpellier tree being S med in the same glass 
with the one cut at Geneva 
The expansion of the leaves on the trees of 
— 
were taken er and at Gen 
respectively, was noted, and with the Ritin 
results o: Geneva the Tulip tree was thirty 
days in regards the expansion of its 
MÀ as Xr with the same process in 
8 
Montpellier ; the white Poplar was thirty-three | 
days later at Geneva, the Hornbeam twenty-four | 
days, and the Catalpa only four or five days | 
later at Geneva than at Montpellier. To return | 
to the bottles, each with its pair of cut branches, | 
4 the Poplar, the Hornbeam, and | 
ed in a room A tien | 
and | 
uniformly as -— to | 
the light by occasionally shifting the position | 
e buds on each shoot were | 
counted and measured. On the Poplar and | 
the Hornbeam flower-buds were observed which | 
were larger on the shoots gathered at Mont: | 
On Febru 
the Tulip tree were plac 
of the bottles. 
pellier than on those grown at Geneva. The 
Montpellier buds opened first, having ripened 
ирде of 
ihe зарру skies Languedoc in 
cs it Wal noticed that the Geneva 
Poplar showed one leaf dive 
Montpellier had, on 
April 6, only just commenced to expand. There 
was thus a difference in the case of the leaf- 
bud of the Poplar of Pre ati days in favour 
of the more northern locality. 
In the case of the eer similar resul 
were obtained, the buds on the Geneva shoot 
expanding eighteen en days earlier than those from 
Montpellier. The results given by the Tulip 
tree were not satisfactory, for reasons that we 
need not give in this place, 
For the sake of comparison, other shoots of 
the same species from the two localities were on 
February 5 placed in a dark, unheated 
es Q 5 ia 
| Substantially 
observed in the case of the Popa ana the the 
| in the 
as in the case of the shoots exposed 
| to the - and to a higher temperature. Of | 
| course, the much 
buds placed in the cellar were 
cellar, 
the temperature of which ranged from 425 C t0 le | 
the same 
ШЫ ыыы ч 
behind those placed under more favourable 
circumstances, but still the flower-buds of the 
Poplar and Hornbeam from sp ie opened 
first, while the leaf-buds of the Gen 
were, on the contrary, in advance of those of 
Montpellier. So far, then, it is clear te the 
shoots from the more northern and cold 
locality expanded their leaf. buds (but dob their 
flower-buds) in less time than those which were 
derived from the south ; in other words, that the 
same aggregate degree of heat acts much more 
quickly on the leaf-shoots of the northern than 
on those of the southern trees of the same 
species. 
Thus by direct observation confirmation was 
obtained of the deductions and inferences made 
by the cultivation of cereals in Russia before 
alluded to 
The explanation ofthe unequal effect of the 
same degree of temperature, is according to M, 
DE CANDOLLE, twofold: 1. The buds of a tree 
are engaged in a perpetual struggle. 
placed or imperfectly developed buds develope 
imperfect shoots. The earliest shoots have the 
adaptation of the tree to the climate are carried 
on, This is the more probable from the in- 
dividuality possessed by the buds and of which 
we avail ourselves in the operation of grafting. 
Thus, M. DE CANDOLLE cites a case of a 
Horse Chestnut, near Geneva, which produces 
year by year, on a certain branch double flowers, 
From this branch grafts have been taken which 
have furnished all the double Horse Chestnuts 
certain branches may also 
tree, and 
ese 
preserve their characteristics when grafted. 
the North RE is sometimes advantageous, 
sometimes not so. In the South precocity seems 
generally хеви and yet it is in the 
that species require the most heat to denim 
themselves. The principal cause of the iffer- 
North and of the 
ut in the 
taking place at this time in anticipation of the 
development of the buds at a subsequent time. 
North the internal activity of the plant 
is specially marked. This is one reason why 
heat acts more rapidly in the N 
in the South, On the other hand, in southern 
utilised at the surface, l there is not so much 
available for the buds in spring. The mecha- 
nical effects of the same pe of heat should 
be everywhere the same, but when it is exerted 
on different material to transport or modify 
them it is clear that the effect will be different. 
Such in brief is M. DE CANDOLLE's explana- 
tion of a phenomenon of which he has, by his 
desirable to select very early varieties, owing to 
the great danger of the young growths being 
injured by spring frosts. 
mple reports on the condition of the 
Fauir i which have been ed us by our 
the various counti 
in es of Great 
| secta sean c was аы in general terms, that the 
app! edd of all descriptions, 
and says much for the ripening e last 
au and the relative absence of spring frosts this 
Of course there has been some drawback, 
and that peer т ч 8s a a - 
owing to w. trawberries, Cherries, 
fruits spoiled in large quantities. 
orth than - 
