| 
OCTOBER 2, 1875.] 
THE GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE, 
427 
vailed, but each district is doing worthy work in the 
way of og thee J this truly beautiful hardy spring 
flower. А, D. 
Жони of Hooks, 
Descriptive Catalogue of the Collection ee 
g the xA mente o» Waste Product 
hnal n Mus yre & пал анги 
The collection strane e utilisation of waste pro- 
ucts, n pe thnal Green М Museum, 
is calculated to instruct n as to interest a great 
portion of the rs a huc ibat building, 
t 
more especially that portion gio. inhab e locality 
in which the Museum is situated, an 
most part en in some branch of trade. 
ose dai 
stantly ele their eyes, but of theo 
know but little. This end wil 
by th ell 
orari d the Utilisation of Waste Products, which 
has recently been issued from Her Majesty’s Stationery 
O 
This catalogue, which BC seventy-nine pages, 
Sec һы a good index sold for the nomi- 
ed ind 
that every weed that i y hol 
constituents of the highest value toscience, Although 
ed man 
the го of waste we are 
told m the оба of Phe refu res from the 
spindles an f cotton-mills form a distinct 
ranch of trade,  *'Millions of pounds of it are 
used annually in the Adige otn pen com- 
. paper-maker," Again, the oily waste cotton which 
has been used in wiping the looms, railw mo 
tives and machines, is now. the extent of several 
million pounds колу, Meere of the oil, by bisul- 
phide of car n, and re ed. 
The floss ар. н. which cover many seeds, 
particularly those of the Bombacec and АМЕ И йе, 
are too short апа often too to be worked 
into M" а: many o 
Soft, and elastic, 'and a 
ns 
The short staple of these so-called silk-cotton down 
ist y cause which militates against t appli- 
cation as textiles, the expense of weaving bei 
too great to make it remunerative. Specimens exist 
ms of native fabrics spun ара from 
the fibres of ifis seeds of species and Calo- 
es 
is used oth stuffing cushions and o 
upholstery рер ев, as well as for packing and ix 
oed 
Amongst grasses, numerous as they are, it is not at 
all unlikely that a great many might be in some way 
utilised that are now considered worthless. Stra ma 
urse, is a адна. item о е, and we 
Е that “the straw: om ene A ie ia n 
o $80,000 ооо persons, 
б is "valued. at a million 
es of straw 
ате used in arious economic pit donee, but 
chit for que and shoes, or slippers, which are made 
of plaited Rice straw. *'They cost a mere trifle, are 
found exposed for sale i cum every town and and 
the pedestrian su with new shoes as he 
goes along, while the more provident т man always 
carries two or three pairs with him for use, throwing 
them away as they wear out. Old worn-out shoes of 
description че foánd | everywhere by the 
sides of the roads, iy neat imd vulets, where tra 
wae on changing their shoes, have an opportunity 
he sam of washing their feet.” 
Th application of Mans for stuffing beds se 
evertheless a patent pm 
to be Bog practicable, for 
ds o Pin ine, so 
thy, and to act as a .prev against vermi 
18 producible at a price ng fmm that ame 
| 
for any other кч, ае л ад ог seaweed, in 
quantities, as low 
h 
known as 
— The tenth number of Fries’ Leones Hymeno 
mycetum, unfortunately in all рнк the last, i is 
just published, Т tains figures of 
270 species, going down to the end ott че Hyporhodi 
Copies of many of the species in the re 
are in the possession of Mr. „йды, hole of the 
Cortinarii eful Good 
discontinuat: es 
retted rofessor Fries 
rn on October I5, 1794, and it is quite pars 
ful бая he should have so much ener, 
age as to conduct such an араанд а and 
to leave it now with regret 
The paper read 4 T Joseph Fisher before 
the 5 Ко oyal Historical Society last session, On the 
History of Land Holding гы England, will shortly be 
published by Messrs. Longmans. 
Natural History. 
H-BARK BEETLE (HYLESINUS FRAX 
Dens the early part of the present year ^u Ty. 
lesinus Fraxini (one of the kinds of bark-boring 
eetles especially prevalent in the metropolitan 
district) ` appear 
t 
ees in the neighbourhood of 
give an opportunity of tracing out the life history of 
the insect in tolerably full detail ; and though from 
its e of attacking lately-felled trees rather than 
living ones it is in a great degree harmless, still a 
note rat its method of operation may be interesting. 
The Hylesinus Fraxini is about a couple of lines or 
rather more in length, obtuse-oval in shape, an 
colours, howe variable, an 
through many shades, from black up to ochreous 
ellow. 
About April 19 the beetles were noticeable in 
considerable numbers, wandering about on the Ash 
trunks as if exploring, and (till they had begun their 
banawa) falling off the bark eni disturbed ; but 
ese oderate amount of dis- 
pared appeared to affect them, the beetle working 
steadily on, and apparently at the rate of advance of 
about the length of its own body in twenty-four hours, 
As the work progressed the position of the tunnel 
was shown by the excavated chips lying over the 
entrance or on the ground beneath the trunk, accord- 
ing to the position of the bori 
The operation of burrowing appeared to be com- 
menced by the female beetle, and carried on after- 
wards usually by a pair, though occasionally a third 
Hylesinus was present in the more е stage of 
the workings. At 
ted passage 
room of the tunnel, which was kept рейсу lene of 
chips, the special office of the second 
о be passing these incumbrances out at gy entrance ; 
but when the boring had proceeded a short distance 
Gomes as much as half an inch) it was abruptly 
top and two new ones commenced branchi 
sight and left from its extremity, so as to give in dia- 
gram a kind of roughly яра т shape, with sho 
stem and long nagning These galleries were 
2 inches ге but variable from 
especially the interference 
of ined in aie on "d (from usually finding one of 
the two companion beetles in each arm) presumably 
'E 
n 
burrow th the male and female. 
The female of the Hylesinus proved on examination 
a after мк. ар to соп gs 
und, li eggs, 
leis crm by the larvæ on each side of the 
arana extraneous 
yepe do a i bat from whatever cause, it 
case in all the galleries I opened at this 
а section of the. workings, made by taking off a 
rox mplete, shows the number of eggs laid to be very 
ix 3 Forty or more larval channels may be 
appetit 
iege side by side, usually at right angles with the 
large aa: giving a total of eighty or more 
laid along the o kiles of one m i 
S d 
Th Hylesinus us is also m 
hymenopterous fly, 
considerable numbers a 
e two kinds of insects are 
he development of the Hylesinus p about the 
middle of August, and continues for so weeks, the 
sna number (in the specimens ande о tion) 
pearing about the ing of September, the 
developed beetle wing its way out of the extre- 
mity of the w, „where it h in during 
oy Беса state, with the entire it down 
ery by the x 
rejected ge and en the bark p 
ving erfo 
eds of small round holes (lik 
at this ae t commencement of the 
work, attention is drawn to what is going forwards 
by the accumulation of chips of wood, In captivity, 
the developed beetle ears, by preference, to con- 
itself in whatever may be at hand that it can, as 
it were, shove itself into, as if into ecies of burrow 
(folds of paper for instance), rather than to remain at 
large, though its .place of confinement may be tho 
MESE shielded from light. In um cases the newly 
of minute ons in laying i 
th ‚рег of wet Wil than would 
otherwise be the case 
Apiary. 
WoRK FOR OCTOBER.— Work begins to be slack, 
except where the bee-keeper has neglected 
which must be done as early in this month as possible, 
or they will refuse to take in 27 food, Every hive 
intended for stocks next we are 
expecting to be profitable, should, ibit any "los of 
time, be put in a condition for winterin 
attend well to the i d ially see that 
they are well sheltered from the rain, &c. Pan-mugs 
placed on the top of straw hives as a cover or screen 
o 
ct 
o 
from the weather may do for rough, unthinking bee- 
owners, but should never be adopted by those who 
love bees ; the contrary, good straw 
covers, or, if you oan afford it, wood covers, which are 
the B p weak stocks, and unite them 
ith a ony—*' Penny wise and pound 
foolish ” urged against bee-keepers. 
thermometer is below zero. 
Guard —— the entrance of the smal 
use ; ye you stocks are кут 
is held out to them of 
rance then 
harves 
stands a pex ong t 
