TAF 
OCTOBER 9, 1875.] 
GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE. 
459 
erzon, the — scientific apiarian of Ger- 
many, co ced 1838 with a ne stock, but 
these had so конек ын Засад that in the year 1848 
he prided himse n having mor e 500 stocks. 
In the interval he had lost seventy colonies from 
thieves, sixty were destroyed by fire, and twenty-four 
by a In 1848, he tates, a fi 
pestilence made its earance in my apiary, which 
was einig to dishea: v^ шу man, and make 
` him ested | never to keep bee: 
-> It made its appearance Аул ту rated ks ve Aeg 
At first I could not tell what was amiss, 
whi 5 
rond wey eme t it was possible to save them, but 
v „Хог ee a а deem 
before eie 
st 
ock is wea 
jaren as well dit those at a e € of a mile or so 
a few bees from an 
y ; but we émis C ien in memory it 
in the cells which become dis- 
. Som se 
Кое and, thus n 
ET isa ани tas 
es have 
Some tented and thoughtfal bee йез Ћауе ѕир- 
it was caused at first by the brood ing chilled ; 
thus DEN ! the cy de AIA in the pu 
utrifying eory h e» since dis- 
appeared. то science pt revealed the 
which is a kind 
true of mould (fungus), the 
spores from n may y float about in the atmosphere, 
and when t find a suitable nidus they speedily 
generate she {= о called. 
е! {һе 
хэ рх, Dzi iia te of the editor of 
cm Жибин А. the last Vandrefors-amlin — A 
at Saltsbor ^ following ques 
е lo ecided relative = Ыта both 
ice, and what remains now 
ecidec 
“ Firstly. It must uncontrovertibly be proved that the 
of the fungus leave the dried-up oul-brood, and 
e m t, inasmuch as they float in the air, be able to 
upo as d 
as regards | theory and prac 
ided ? ' 
«Secon ndly. It must next be shown that such fungus 
Spores as are caught in the atmosphere, when placed 
rva, can grow, and increase to an a et 
at last they kill the brood, and so 
I went 
Pea, The ce was aa very de nearly bade moist, 
. And tenacious, and its odour exceedingly 
| able, c exam me der 
елй the presence of fun as 
| ad I, after paving Sone Ча my iat Fig 
| Зара fic first to show that ће spores could escape thro ugh 
| у "un holes (entrances) of hives C foul-brood, 
! ould have been n for in order to have 
n gone a much longer time by that means before 
at the result. I had not, — in the meantime 
hed t my experi- 
infecting healthy уба Ког this perpos I constructed 
ooth planed board 
placed under the bell-glass on June 2r, and left to dry 
оен. If then the assertion that the spores escaped in 
e air when the substance was as correct, then it 
or me now and then to place the 
a the window in my study, and expose it to 
the full dns of the sunbeams, as, if the air in the 
ass by the power of the sun-beams was warmed u 
о it must by а ейн Dem 
through the uppermost tube, while the cooler air 
e enter the ZUM through 
e same tim as quite 
riens; that therewithal the spores of the fangs that 
carried by 
in the wool aboy үе,’ 
рч thesé I 
stardis 
“ir ) "When n quite a small portion of the wool was 
washed in distilled wa eni es nd ther — a drop of this 
water placed under a m ses it showed a consider- 
able quantity of fungus Mien 
“(2 Js piu lg 
laid dry on a piece 
scenes water, and placed un 
rococcus could be = perigi in the water and partly 
wool. 
examined dry, it was difficult to 
the strongest lens and through three objectives. 
*(4.) Of gun cotton, о of ph I ap two plugs which 
were s miri wit 2, Micrococci 
were to be seen in si ¢ i quantities than in the 
sey v ool, st ing поо < the опе is 
better suited to retai 
“Тиз by a thod I have solved the first 
fungus from the dried-up matter escape, an 
away by the atmosphere. 
- Si efore, there cannot 5 bond slightest doubt of 
the fact that in e" uence of the bees ventilating so 
strong as they so often do, фи the spores must be 
out of a ndo infected hive in very large quan- 
n Von 0 in —€— to €— EE 
spores must sink down and not pass from cell to cell, 
it sounds almost as if he had no idea of ventilation 
the 
ў When 
mall windmill of 
ive containing 
that the circulation of 
the infection, so has that invalid assertion 
so thoroughly refuted by D T of Halle, that I will 
"t word on the su 
T HE ga ite certain that pi is not over all, and at all 
times that the ‘atmosphere will contain such а a quantity 
of seed-germs ; and Dr. Pren: when he 
declares that the atmosphere is everywhe Mp ded with 
ch was the case, Eiaon infection 
istri LE there are bee- 
many districts where 
i district, up to the 
possint time, it has not appe 
“ I certainly succeeded In producing x et comb of 
dead, rotten, ud si nking brood; b ugh I experi- 
i is comb in the most po бе ways, placed 
it at the fly-hole a the o xposed to the 
sun's warmth and the atmospheric earrais about my 
pavilion, I, after peni iig found no more fungus 
than Fischer, who er had anything to do with foul- 
here is no fungus present there never can 
arise infection agent Herewith we have s ap- 
oblem. 
P" I next requires x show, and afterwards to prove 
that pure fungus collected from the atmosphere by 
means of the cotton-wool, the 
cause fi foul-brood, 
it herus ей that all the larvae 
wool was с 
larvae above d» peavey 
after the bees had sealed the 
№: bees. Thr 
covered cells died shortly 
cells which they were in. 
The cell-covers were sunk, and the well-known small 
hole was in the cent 
now ra vered a 
brood comb, and this time, S Pg n че ы the bees let most 
f ак of four 
days. Seven larvae died. es Pastas, con- 
tion by aid of the i cen reveal 
oe presenon in their bodies of immense numbers of 
icroco 
" Unfon rtunately I was obliged now, on m A 24 
defer experiments, as I could not po 
but time a bath tour, on pe I should best. phos 
nth, 
at the beginning of the mon I кра now to Ane in 
" wire netting, to pre jue those larvae that ained 
ing torn out by th ut on 2 green üt. at home 
from the MER I found alli in the best order. 
"Still the fact that Micrococcus posse: 
us power Р, infection and that it also ulus itself 
tò petik healthy 
longer be de ший: А 
strikingly and unrefutably have I succeeded by Бе 
ргосезѕ to prove it. 
Р AS I at once saw beforehand that under | the circum- 
eve ery strong hive of зар to "i as qui 
cible every sickly or dead larva fro 
experi ts 
-— it ped be possible to cien without obstruc- 
E "Herr Molitor Мише uu soneh ed in 
answer to my les, 
as in mts ty every larva rm is seized by infection fin 
itself in an extremely sickly state, which ma 
to "pus х4 cause. 
neral t he larva dies soon after the cell is closed 
assertion a little pee i very cay say at the sic iit 
paration fo during 
the dying | of the 
larva is the very best and most sul Р ion for the 
support of the growth, so that it multiplies at a 
rapid rate and kills the larva bef i 
is at an end. Therefore Vogel, at 
tsborg, have given the decided assurance that there 
nd Місг ci in foul-brood, and since I 
have rito wid proved that healthy brood can in- 
fected b ci, e no longer bt, 
y 
that ер foul-b appears as an epidemic, there the 
infec is produced and carried to effect by Micro- 
eig 
Mises pur ay limited Vg es of this fear- 
appeared in North of pr weg 
are i ured for 
domestic consumption then ether burn the hive, or 
destroy it in some way, for to use it again without 
disinfection is df to foster the аса But where 
wood-hives are employed in ape apiary I age 
lli n 
bolic acid or chloride of lime, N allow any of 
thy stocks to feed on ho aken from a 
is tock ; some of my friends have thought they 
do n ing, until when too 
of the etn el or of a stock 
ould o harm 
they dient their folly. 
e appearance 
thus infected, is a ——— isheartening sight ; 
th ha: to labour—they 
чум ry rs ides, t 
al enterprises of the kind is far pem trivial, an 
o fin г but 1055—15 
