34 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 



feet (Mr. Elwes) ; Naga Hills, August (Mr. Dolierty) ; North Chin Hills, Upper 

 Burma (Capt. Watsou). Cai)t. A. M. Lang took it at " Naiui Tal, 5000 feet, in 

 September" (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Dohert}^ records it from Kumaon as "common 

 localh', at from 4000 to 0000 feet elevation. Taken also on the Dhoaj at 6500 feet " 

 (J. As. Soc. Beng. 188G, 114). Mr. H. J. Elwes says it is "a very abundant species 

 iu tea-plantations and cleared land in Sikkim at 2000 to 7000 feet elevation, and 

 also very numerous iu some places both in the N.W. Himalayas and iu the Khasias, 

 wliere I found it in the open grassy hills in great quantities. It occurs from April 

 to November. I observed a curious horny appendage to the abdomen of the female ; 

 and which is perhaps analogous, if not identical in character with tlie pouch in the 

 genus Parnassius, Some very fresh and apparently virgin females, which I took in 

 the Khasias, had not this appendage as yet developed, and it will be interesting to 

 have closer observations as to whether it is produced during coitus, as in Parnassius, 

 or not" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 334). Mr. L. de Niceville records it as " immensely 

 common in Sikkim, and found from 2000 to 7000 feet elevation, and is certainly 

 double, if not treble-brooded. The black, spiny larva may be seen in hundreds, in 

 clusters, by every roadside from October throughout the winter, at which time they 

 are in a dormant state. Birds do not seem to eat them, though they are most con- 

 spicuous, probably their compound spines are a sufficient protection. The larvEe 

 appear to be polyphagous, eating any kind of weed " (Sikkim Gazetteer, 1894, 131). 

 Col. C. H. E. Adamson says it is a "very local insect iu Burma. In October, 1886, 

 I found it veiy abundant near one village in the Bhamo district. I have since 

 received it from the Chin Hills" (List, 1897,17). Dr. N. Manders says it is 

 "found not uncommonly in the Shan States, at an elevation of 5000 feet, but it is a 

 local insect here" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 520). Capt. E. Y. Watson records it as 

 " common in the Chin Hills, at from 3500 to 5000 feet elevation during the rains." 

 (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1897, 652). Signor L. Fea took it in the Kharen Hills, at 

 Puepali 900 to 1000 feet, in June and July, and at Cheba, in September and 

 October. 



The Fabrician type, and Donovan's figure, are recorded from China. Mr. J. H. 

 Leech (Butt, of Cliinn, i. 14) records it from Moupin, B. Tibet; Western and 

 Southern China. 



Food Plant and Habits of Labva. — Mr. A. Graham- Young says, in Kulu, " the 

 larva feeds on the willow-leaved nettle {Boehiiieria salicifulia). Imago, July to 

 September. Eggs deposited in September, and hatch in about twenty days. 

 Length of young larva three to four lines, entirely black. When about three weeks 

 old they moult and then hibernate, re-appearing in the following April. They 

 moult again early in May, when they assume the red head. The larvae generally 

 feed on the upper brandies of the plant, are gregarious and drop to the ground 



