PABNASSIIiX.E. 103 



tibia?, five-jointed, each joint with a row of sboi't lateral spines, basal joint eqnal 

 in length to the others together, foi'e tibiae with a short flat spur (epiphysis) on the 

 inner side, and two terminal slender spines; middle and hind tibia; also with two 

 terminal spines ; all the tarsi with two terminal long sharp approximated claws 

 on fifth joint, the inner claw shortest, base of the claws with a horny projection 

 beneath. 



Egg.— Oblate ; reticulated. 



Larva. — Cylindrical, slightly tuberculate, pubescent ; retractile tentacle (osma- 

 teria) Y-shaped. Feeds on Sedum, Saxifrages and Fumitories. 



Pita. — Subcylindrically conical; subfolliculate, being loosely enclosed among 

 leaves in a slight silken web, supported also by some transverse threads. 



The species of Parnassiinee, occurring in our area, are almost exclusively 

 confined to the higher outer ranges of the Northern Himalaya Mountains. The 

 commonest of our species (P. Hardwickii) is found in its known local haunts of the 

 N.W. Himalayas from about 7500 to 15,000 feet elevation, and, according to tlie 

 observations of Capt. A. M. Lang " there appear to be two broods of this species — 

 early spring and late autumn"* (P. Z. S. 1865, 48). Capt. Graham Young also 

 states that it is " undoubtedly double-brooded — the second brood appearing in 

 August and September, and a few even in October in favourable seasons ; some 

 of these hybernate, reappearing in March along with the spring brood — which has 

 hybernated in the pupa — of this fact I have no doubt. When coming over the 

 Ehotang Pass about October 10th I saw numbers of the larvae of Ilardwickii on 

 the low herbage, and have no doubt myself but that some of this species hybernate 

 as butterflies, but by far the greater number in the pupa. That this insect is 

 double-brooded no one who knows its habits disputes " (P. Z. S. 188G, 38). 



PARNASSIUS JACaUEMONTII (Plate 40G, figs. 1, la, b, c, ^J, L d, e, ? ). 



Parnassius Jacquemoniii, Boisduval, Spec. Giin. Lep. i. p. 400, ^ onlij (183G). lilanchanl, Jacq. 



Voy. Ind. Ins. p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 4, nee fig. 3 (1844). Obertliiir, Etud. Eat. iv. p. 2^,, pi. 2, fig. 



5, S (1879); id. xiv. p. 10, pi. 2, lig. 11, ^ (1891). Mackiiiuon aud de Niccville, Journ. 



Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1898, p. 596. 

 Parnassius Himalayemtis, Ehves, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1SS6, p. 30. Oberthur, Etud. Ent. xiv. 



p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 12, 13, S ?(1891). 



lii.^GG. — Male. Upperside yellowish-white ; fringe of both wings very slightly 

 intersected with black at end of the veins, in some apparently entirely white; 

 antennee black, basally annulated with grey. Foreiciiig with the base, costal and 



* In the W. Himalayas the dry hot-seaion extends from April to June, the raiiuj-season commencing 

 at end of June — ceasing about the end of August, and the cold-season sets in about the middle of 

 November. 



VOfi, V. P 



