P.inXASSIIX.E. 107 



Sliipki, ground not often trodden by Europeans." " It replaces IlardwicJili on the 

 bigh Passes of Upper Kunawur, Spiti, nnd Tibet. I first saw it on tlie Konguia 

 Pass, leading from Kunawur into the Chinese province of Gughe in Tibet. This 

 Pass is 16,000 feet elevation, but I ascended up its flank another 2000 feet, and 

 here I saw this Parnassius coursing rapidly up and down the frozen snow-beds, 

 where beaches, as it were, of boulders and stones cropped out. What could tempt 

 it there, I know not, for I saw not a Sediun, Saxifrage, nor any other vegetation. 

 I met with this species again at high elevations in similar regions along the 

 confines of Kunawur and Tibet. It does not occur, apparently, with HanlivicJdi" 

 {id. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, 408). Major H. B. Hellard records its capture on the 

 '• Rupin Pass, North side, in September " (MS. Notes). Rev. J. H. Hocking took 

 it at the " head of the Kulu Valley and the slopes of the Rhotang Pass, 10,000 

 to 13,000 feet elevation" (P. Z. S. 1882, 257). Mr. W. Doherty obtained it at 

 " Pala, Thidikliar, and Taglakhar, in Chinese Tibet, N.E. Kumaon, at 13,000 to 

 If^jOOO feet elevation." Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it as "not so common as 

 Hardwickii, and occurs at higher elevations nearer the snows, further in the interior. 

 We have specimens taken in theNila Valley andNila Pass, and from the NilungPass, 

 in July and August, at elevations from 12,000 to 15,000 feet" (Journ. Bombay Nat. 

 Hist. Soc. 1898, 696). Specimens of both sexes are in Mr. J. H. Leech's Collection, 

 taken at Kokser, Lahoul, and Spiti in August, by Capt. McArthur. Others from 

 Dugi Pass and Keyling, 12,000 feet, taken in August and September by Capt. 

 Thompson. 



PARNASSIUS CHITBALENSIS (Plate 40G, figs. 2, 2a, (J). 



Male. — Upperside white ; fringe of the forewiug very broadly alternated with 

 black, of the hindwing entirely white. Foreiring with the base, costa, and posterior 

 margin sparsely black scaled ; the ordinary cell and discocellular bar deep black, the 

 inner-discal transverse sinuous band ill-defined and sparsely black speckled, its two 

 upper spots blacker bordered and centred with either rich bright scarlet or pale 

 vermilion, its lower spot either entirely black or centred with pale vermilion ; 

 medial-discal band more defined, narrow and sinuous; the outer marginal band 

 paler and uniformly extending to the extreme edge. Eindiving with the basal area 

 dark black ; the black-edged subbasal and the costal spot small and oval, the discai 

 spot being narrow transversely", reniform, its black edge being slightly dentate 

 inward and pointed outward, each centred with either ricli bright scarlet or jaale 

 vermilion.; the subanal broken black bar slightly centred with either one, or two, 

 pale red spots, or are entirely black ; submarginal row of black dentate lunules, the 

 paler outer band extending to extreme margin. 

 Female. — Similar to the male. 



p 2 



