114 LEPIDOPTERA INDICA. 



not extending nearer the Plains than Simla, liowever. It is tolerably abnndant on 

 the Mahasoo ridge near Simla, on bare grassy hill-tops, just clear of Oak-woods; 

 grassy, open downs it certainly affects, and at a high elevation — 8000 feet. It 

 appears very local, and has a slow flight, somewhat like that of Pieris, although it 

 has a stronsr as well as a slow flig;ht. It flies low over the turf and rocks which 

 crop up amidst the grass. There appear to be two broods — early spring and late 

 autumn. I have seen it in December and February, on bright days succeeding 

 weeks of snowstorms" {id. P. Z. S. 1865, 488). "It is common above 7500 feet. 

 It flies nearly all the year. I have seen it at Simla when deep snow lay in December. 

 Beginning at Simla, where, on the Peak of Jako — the Simla Hill, 8000 feet, it flies 

 in March and April, to the Hungrung Pass, overlooking the bleak, bare Spiti 

 Valley, and facing tlie Tibetan ranges, it is to be caught on all grassy summits ; if 

 close to snow, so much the more is Hardwlckii abundant on the Runang Pass, 

 14,800 feet elevation " {id. Epist. July 7th, 1865). Mr. P. W. Mackinnon records it 

 as " very common in April, and from July to September in the interior, of the 

 Western Himalayas, to the North of Masuri, from 10,000 to 12,000 feet elevation; 

 especially so in the valleys near the Nilung and Nila Passes " (Journ. Bombay 

 N. H. Soc. 1898, 595). Mr, W. Doherty obtained it on the Bireg Mountain and 

 the Pindari Valle3% N.W. Kumaon, and in the Bj^ans Valley, N.E. Knmaon ; 

 at 10,000 to 15,000 feet elevation " (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1886, 130). Major 

 H. B. Hellard took Hardtvickii on the Kupin Pass, N. side, in September, and in 

 Kashmir iu September, also near Simla and Masuri in July and September, and the 

 form CJiarino also on the Rupin Pass in September " (MS. Notes). 



Oapt. Graham Young, writing from Kulu, says : — " Undoubtedly P. Hardivicldi 

 is double-brooded; the second brood appears iu August and September, and a few 

 even in October in favourable seasons ; some of these hyberuate, reappearing in 

 March along with the spring bi'ood, which has hybernated in the pupa — of this fact 

 I have no doubt. "When coming over the Rhotang Pass about October lOth, 1874, 

 I saw numbers of the larvfe of P. Hardiciclcii on the low herbage, and have no 

 doubt mj'self but that some of this species hybernate as butterflies, but by far the 

 greater number in the pupa ; that this insect is double-brooded no one who knows 

 its habits disputes ; the larv^ feed on various species of Saxifrage. In the outer 

 Himalaya (I speak of Kulu only) it does not vary ; but in the interior it varies from 

 typical Hardiiiirl-ii, through light and dark grey, to the higher-level form Charinu " 

 (Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, 38). 



In the British Museum Collection are the type-specimens of both forms 

 {Hardwichii and Gharino), taken by Major Charlton, in Ladak. Others from 

 Kharga, N.W. Himalaya, 14,000 feet, taken in August; Rehan Valley, 12,000 feet, 

 August ; Dalhousie, August and Septembei-, taken by Major Harford ; males from 



