rAPILIOXlN.'E. 237 



the ground-colour of the upperside of botli wings black ; the foreiriii;/ showing only- 

 four whitish oblique lower-discal spots and the two within apex of the cell, and the 

 MndwLvg only the cell and the two lower contiguous spots ; all the other markings 

 being entirely black. Another female, from Assam, in our own possession, has the 

 ground-colour of the upperside dark sepia-brown, and the markings ochreous-yellow ; 

 the costal ocellus of the hindwing and the anal spot being as in normal specimens ; 

 the underside has the markings duller yellow. A male, from Malabar, also in our 

 possession, has the ground colour of the upperside dark ochreous-brown, with the 

 markings sullied brownish-yellow, the underside being similarly coloured, but paler. 



Larva and Pdpa. (See Plate 4GG.) 



Habitat. — S.B. Arabia ; Persia ; North-Western, Eastern, and Continental 

 India; Ceylon; Siam ; S.China; Hong Kong; Hainan; Formosa. 



Life Histouy. — Mr. L. de Niceville writes : "I have had considerable experience 

 in breeding this species, the larva of which I have most fiequently found on the Bael 

 {^^'<jlf viarmelos), but it feeds also, in Calcutta, on the Orange, Pomelo, Lime, Ber 

 {Zizyphuti jujvba), and a low-growing weed, to be found in all waste places, called 

 Glycosmh iientaphiilla. The eggs of I'aji. Erifhouiiis are always, as far as I know, 

 laid on the very young shoots and leaves on which the young larvas exclusively feed. 

 When they grow older, the caterpillars eat the old and full-gi'own leaves. The eggs 

 are conspicuous objects, being pale yellow in colour and perfectly smooth. The 

 young larvae closely resemble the droppings of birds, and always rest fully exposed 

 to view on the upper side of the leaves. They are probably protected not only by 

 their superficial resemblance to something uneatable, but, in addition, are fui-nished 

 with a strong odour, which may be very repugnant to the taste of birds. I rather 

 doubt the tentacles, with which the larvte are f lu-nished, being scent-organs. I fancy 

 they are entirely used to frighten away their enemies. The extreme I'apidity with 

 which they can be thrust forth, their large size and bright colour, would not unlikely 

 drive off a female Ichneumon-fly in the act of depositing her eggs in the body of the 

 caterpillar, and this fly is certainly the greatest enemy the butterfly has. When full- 

 grown the larva dons quite a different livery, being green, with some obliqvie 

 markings on the sides. At this stage it usually rests on the stems of the leaves, 

 where it is well-hidden." (Indian Mus. Xotes, Calcutta, i. p. 04. (188!.)). 



Capt. H. L. Chaumette reared the larva of this butterfly in Lucknow, in 1860, 

 and describes the various stages thus : — " JjU'i' Ls^ moult. Length \ inch. Ground- 

 colour olive or olive-brown ; dorsal line interrupted, dark olive ; sides irregularly 

 spotted and speckled with black, grey, and olive ; abdomen pale olive; head and legs 

 pale olive; stigmata black. Ou 6th, 7th, 8th, and 0th segments a peculiar milky 

 patch of a V-shape, the two arms of which directed towards the head and reachino- 

 to the sides of the 6th segment. A small uneven patch of same colour on either side 



