PAPILIONIN^. 71 



got several. The larva, when young is spiny, but when full-grown only two pairs 

 of minute sharp processes remain on the 2nd and last segment. A thin, but well- 

 defined, yellow ridge, commencing at each side of the 2nd segment, encircles the 

 5th segment, enclosing an oval space as seen from above. The colour is groen, 

 faintly freckled as mentionrd above. When at rest the larva often holds the head 

 and forepart raised after the manner of a Sphinx moth. The pupa is in outline a 

 little like the others of the group, but it is straighter, less angular, and entirely 

 wants the dorsal process on the thorax ; the head processes are long and upturned ; 

 the back is keeled, and the sides also in a less degree ; the colour is a wonderful 

 example of ' protective resemblance.' It consists of two shades of gi-een, sharply 

 separated by the lateral keel ; the ventral, half which is of course uppermost, has the 

 dark green tint of the upperside of the leaf of Z. RJietsa, while the dorsal half, like the 

 underside of the same leaf, is of a pale and dull shade. We do not understand the 

 reasons of the butterfly's appearance. It is not seen in June and July, but begins 

 to appear in August, is common by October, and may be met with till the end of 

 the year. Now the ' Tirphal' tree loses every leaf soon after the close of the 

 monsoon, and remains bare until the following April at least, more often till June. 

 We are almost forced to conclude that the butterflies which we see from October 

 onwards lay their eggs on the dry trees, and that these, hatching in the following 

 June, produce the first butterflies seen in August. There may then be one or 

 even two larger broods before the trees become unfit for food " (J. Davidson 

 and E. H. Aitken, Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc, 1896, 581). 



DrsTEiBDTiON. — " This butterfly appears to be spread over the whole district of 

 North Kanara, affecting cultivated tracts as well as forest, and is by no means rare 

 in some parts, but it is one of the most difficult butterflies to capture. It usually 

 flies very high and fast, and seldom alights or hovers over flowers " (J. Davidson 

 and E. H. Aitken, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, 581). Mr. S. N. Ward found it "rare 

 in Kanara, but in Calicut and Malabar generally, it is more common, chiefly just 

 after the Monsoon. I have seen it on the Nilgiris, and it is found on the Karnatic 

 Hills, even on the isolated range near Vellore" (MS. Notes). A specimen taken on 

 " Matheran Hill " is in Mr. H. Druce's collection. Mr. G. F. Hampson records it 

 as "confined to the Western slopes of the Nilgiris, where it is not uncommon" 

 (J. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888, 364). 



Of our illustrations on Plate 494, fig. 1, larva and pupa, is copied from Messrs. 

 Davidson and Aitken's published figure ; la, b, a male, and Ic, a female. 



HARIMALA PALINURTJS (Plate 493, fig. 1, la, c?, lb, ? ). 



Papilio Palinurus, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. p. 2. (1787) ; id. Ent. Syst. iii. i. p. 5 (1793). Godart, 

 Encyc. Meth. ix. p. 66 (1819). Boisduval, Spec. Gen. Lep. i. p. 207 (1836). De Haan, Verb. 

 Nat. Gesoh. Ned. 1840, p. 28, pi. 7, fig. 3. Doubleday and Hcwitson, Gen. D. Lep. i. p. 11 



