ISMENEIN^. 261 



become hardened, it is covered with a chalky-white substance, leaving the first two 

 abdominal segments only without the covering. (Dudgeon.) 



Davidson, Bell and Aitken say the colour of the larva is bright yellow, more or 

 less thickly banded with black ; the head is yellow with two parallel lines of black spots, 

 often coalescing into lines across the face ; it is broader than long and somewhat depressed 

 in the centre of the vertex ; length 34 mm. It is sometimes found feeding on Comhretum 

 externum, its regular food-plant at Karwar being Terminalia heleriea, Roxb., one of the 

 largest as well as one of the commonest trees in the Karwar jungles. The larva was in such 

 quantities that, after eating all the available food on one tree, it would wander down the 

 stem in such numbers as to hide the bark from view ; each leaf of every surrounding tree 

 later on contained a pupa. The pupa is coloured brown, with dorsal abdominal black 

 spots, the wing cases nearly white ; surface slimy and covered with a white powder. Egg 

 laid on young shoots. The young larva makes a cylindrical tight cell at the 

 edge of the leaf. 



Habitat. — Throughout India, Burma and Ceylon ; a very common insect. Our 

 figures of the larva and pupa are from Ward's original drawings, bred in Karwar. 



Sub-Family ACHALARIN^. 



A forest group ; about its life history we know nothing, except for the short 

 notice on Culliana pieridoides, by Doherty, he says,* " It flies in the darkest parts of 

 the forest towards the end of the afternoon, alighting with outspread wings ; in the 

 morning they lie concealed, adhering closely to the underside of leaves ; then float 

 lazily up and down the bed of a stream." 



Into this sub-family we put Ortliophcetus, Watson, Calliana, Moore, Capila, 

 Moore, Plsola, Moore, Crossium, de Niceville, Achalarus, Scudder, and Hantana, 

 Moore, with an internal vein within the cell of the forewing, vein 5 emitted from 

 about the centre of the discocellulars, and (except in Orthophcjetus and Achalarus) 

 there is no costal fold ; in the hindwing vein 7 is emitted shortly before the upper 

 end of the cell (in Hantana its base is a little further away), 3 from a little before 

 the lower end, 2 from about one-fourth before the end. The hind tibiae have two 

 pairs of spurs, the antennae are slender, the club gradual, only slightly thicker than the 

 shaft, then fining to a point and more or less bent, sometimes into a hook ; in Hantana 

 it is shorter and more robust. 



• Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1889, p.. 133. 



