361 



when thus denuded. The other form, or what is called Fro- 

 zen Sap Blight, takes place ordinarily upon trees that are 

 forced in strong and highly manured soil, thereby causing 

 the trees to make long, succulent shoots, the growth exten- 

 tending to so late a period as to be overtaken by the winter 

 before the sap is sufficiently elaborated, and the wood ma- 

 tured to stand a severe freezing ; and rich soil with manure, 

 or excess of moisture, increases this evil. Duhamel, many 

 years &ince, spoke of a diseased state of the sap arising from 

 excess of manure, which seems analogous to ours : " The 

 sap corrupted by putrid water, or the excess of manui'e, 

 bursts the cellular membranes in some places, extending it- 

 self between the wood and the bark, which it separates, and 

 carries its poisonous acrid influence to all the neighboring 

 parts like a gangrene." Naturally rich and fresh loam is 

 all he apprehended young trees to require at transplanting. 



At the conclusion of M. Ives's remarks, the Chair contin- 

 Tied the subject, speaking of the circulation of the sap, and 

 its effect upon the girdled limbs, and also of the subject of 

 blight in pear trees, enumerating some of its causes, such as 

 injudicious pruning, the unsuitableness of the climate, &c. 



Mr. Geo. D. Phippen gave some account of his experi- 

 <ence in girdling grape vines, and also spoke of the manner 

 of the healing process in trees, when the bark has been 

 peeled of. 



The Secretary then exhibited to the meeting a specimen 

 of grafting of a different character from any that had been 

 previously mentioned. This he was enabled to do through 

 the kindness of Mr. Thomas McCord, who loaned it for this 

 occasion. This specimen consisted of the head of a Cock, in 

 which the spurs had been taken from the legs and grafted 

 upon the comb — giving the resemblance of the horns of ram, 

 curving forwards and downwards. It is a well known fact 

 in physiology, that when the spurs are transplanted from the 

 leg to the comb, which abounds in blood, the growth of the 

 spur is marvellously augmented, and increases to a long, 



ESSEX INST. PKOCEED. VOL. ii. 46. 



