64 LEPIBOPTERA INDICA. 



Indo-Malatan allied Species of Caduga. — G. Niphonica (Moore, P. Z. S., 1883, 

 249) ; nearest to G. tytia ; with red hiudwings. Habitat. Japan (? Askold, Chekiaag, 

 N. China, N. Formosa). — G. Loocliooana (Moore, id. 250) ; near to G. tytia ; duller 

 coloured than the Japanese or Formosau form ; hindwings paler, but of a brighter 

 tone of red colour. Habitat. Loo Choo Islands. — G. Swinhoei (Moore, id. 250) ; near 

 to G. melaneus ; shorter and with comparatively more regularly triangular forewing 

 and shorter hindwing. Habitat. N. Formosa. — G. fseudomelaneus (Moore, id. 250) ; 

 an intermediate form between G. melaneus and G. Larissa, but quite distinct from 

 both ; distinguishable by the comparatively narrower forewings and which are con- 

 spicuously more produced at the apex, the broad streak below the cell being 

 traversed by a slender black line and the discoidal streak on the hindwing also 

 traversed by a black bifid line. This is the Javan representative of G. melaneus and 

 is described by Zinken-Sommer (Nov. Acta Acad. C. Nat. 1831, 179) as that species. 

 Mr. Snellen, of Rotterdam, informs me that this " is a local Javan species and found 

 only on the mountains." Habitat. Java. — G. Larissa (Felder, Reise, Nov. Lep. ii. 

 349) ; nearly one-fourth less in size than in G. pseudomelaneus, with more regularly 

 triangular form of forewing. Habitat. Java (? also N. Borneo). — C. Banskii (Moore, 

 I.e. 251) ; nearest to G. Larissa, but larger in expanse and quite distinct from 

 G. melaneus. Habitat. Sumatra. — G. funeralis (Butler, Ann. N. H. 1884, 68) ; 

 nearest to G. Banskii. Habitat. Island of Nias. — G. Luzonensis (Felder — figured in 

 Semper's Reisen Arch. Philippen, p. 13, pi. 2, fig. 8, 9, S 'i) ; distinguishable by the 

 broad markings, the oblique sub-apical series being shorter, the streak below the 

 cell with broad black traversing line ; hindwing cell streak absent. Habitat. 

 Philippines. — Following after these is the single known species of the allied genus 

 Mangalisa, namely, M. Albata (Zinken-Sommer, I.e. 191, pi. 16, fig. 16). Habitat. 

 Java. 



Butterfly Mimicks of Species of Caduga. — In Nepal and Sikkim Caduga tytia 

 is mimicked by the Papilionid group of butterflies Gadugoides, viz., G. agestor, both 

 sexes of which resemble it in a most remarkable manner, in having the same form 

 and coloration of the front and hindwings, and similarly shaped and coloured mark- 

 ings. In the N. W. Himalayas G. tytia is also mimicked by the two allied species 

 of Gadugoides, namely G. Govindra and G. Gopala. In the Eastern Himalayas, again, 

 it is mimicked by one of the species of the allied Papilionid butterflies Paranticopsis, 

 namely, F. Xenocles. Besides these mimetic Papilionids, G. tytia is also mimicked 

 in Cashmere, Nepal, Sikkim, and throughout its range of habitat, by a species of the 

 Nymphalid genus Hestina, namely, H. Nama, by both its sexes, the females of which 

 have the hiudwings of the brightest tone of coloration. Badacara Nilgiriensis, in 

 South India, is mimicked by a species of the Pierid genus Nei^lieronia, namely, by the 

 females of iV^. pingasa. 



