SATYBUSfJ^. 145 



nearly all the species liibernate. M. Marloy, who seems to have been more successful 

 in finding the larvEe of the European species than any one else, obtained them all in 

 the months of March, April, and May (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vii. pp. 263-7 (1838). 

 Prittwitz also states (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xxii.) that all European species, except two, 

 probably or certainly winter in the larval stage, and these exceptional insects, curiously 

 enough, are almost the only ones which are double-brooded." (Scudder, 1. c. p. 115.) 

 According to Mr. L. de Niceville (Butt. India, i. 95 (1883) "the larvse feed only 

 during the night." 



" In this subfamily are found some curious and instructive exceptions to the 

 general rule of pupation among the Nymphalidse, a family which, as is well known, 

 suspend themselves by the hinder extremity during the chrysalis state. In certain 

 European species, whose transformations were first studied by M. Marloy, the 

 caterpillar goes beneath the ground to pupate, and forming a large oval cocoon or 

 cell, composed of grains of earth connected by a little silk, undergoes its transforma- 

 tions therein without suspending or attaching itself in any form whatever. In one 

 of our [N. American] species of ffineis we have an even more extreme case. In 

 another European species, Melanargia galathea, Mr. Bates informs us, Messrs. 

 Hellins and Buckler have found the chrysalis lying on the ground between stems of 

 grass, the shrivelled skin of the larva remaining attached to the hinder extremity of 

 the chrysalis. Both Dr. Boisduval and Mons. Duponchel give a similar account of it, 

 but Hiibner represents it as suspended. Mr. Edwards has recently bred the species 

 in this country [N. America] from specimens sent over, and had an experience 

 similar to that of Messrs. Hellins and Buckler. But besides this insect, we know of 

 at least eight European species, mostly referred to Satyrus, but some to Epinephele 

 and Pararge as well, the chrysalids of which are not suspended ; and so far as yet 

 appears these all belong to the species of Satyrinae which have vertically ribbed eggs. 

 Most of the species, however, whose transformations are known, suspend themselves 

 after the manner of other Nymphalidse. 



" The butterflies of this subfamily may be further distinguished by their peculiar 

 flight, which is of a feeble, wavering, dancing character and not long sustained ; 

 neither do the insects rise far above the ground. Mr. R. Trimen (Rhopal. Africa 

 Austr. p. 185) says he has ' noticed that those species which do not possess the basal 

 inflation of the veins of the forewings possess greater powers of flight and a more 

 robust structure generally.' Mr. A. R. "Wallace, in writing of the species found on 

 the Amazons, says (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) ii. p. 261) he ' does not remember to 

 have ever seen any species rise four feet from the earth, while the greater number of 

 them do not exceed as many inches.' They are shade-loving insects. 'They 

 chiefly affect the glades and lanes of the woods, being not often seen in the clearing ; 

 sometimes, however, they come into our gardens of a morning, but then they fly 

 VOL. I. Julv 8th, 1891. u 



