NYMPHALIN^E. (Oroup NrnpiiALiyA.) 63 



with the costa broadly lobate at base and obliquely curved outward ; exterior margin 

 obliquel}^ convex, slightly scalloped ; anal angle somewhat lobate ; precostal vein bent 

 outward and slightly bifid at the angle ; costal vein much curved from the base and 

 extending to apex ; cell area short, open. Bodi/ rather stout ; palpi porrect, second 

 joint stout, extending half beyond head ; third joint short, conically slender, pointed, 

 clothed with laxly appressed scales at sides and beneath, second joint hairy above ; 

 forelegs of male rather short, slender, clothed with scales and delicate hairs ; forelegs 

 of female smoothly scaled, tarsus flattened at the sides, joints laterally spined at the 

 tip ; antennae slender, with a rather short, stout, somewhat spatulate grooved club ; 

 eyes naked. 



Type. — J. Lavinia. 



Larva. — (Iphita) " Cylindrical ; slightly pubescent ; armed with nine longi- 

 tudinal rows of many-branched spines, except on the head, which is clothed with 

 short bristles. In /. Iphita the spines appear to be shorter and more closely set than 

 in the other Indian species. They feed, as a rule, on Acanthaceee." 



Pupa. — " Regular, with three, or five, dorsal rows of small tubercular points. 

 Suspended perpendicularly " (J. Davidson and B. H, Aitken, J. Bombay N, H. Soc. 

 1890, 271). 



Habits, ETo. — " In India the species of Jujionia occur everywhere up to about 

 7000 feet elevation, and are generally numerous in individuals. They have a rapid 

 flight, but seldom go far before settling, which they do with expanded wings, often 

 on the bare ground, frequently on flowers. J. Hierta and /. Orithya delight in the 

 stony beds of dried-up streams in the Hills ; in the Plains they chiefly frequent 

 fields and gardens. The sexes are very slightly differentiated " (L. de Niceville, 

 I.e. p. 66). 



Seasonal Dimorphism. — This occurs to a slight extent in /. Ijihifa, Aflifes, and 

 Lemonias, the wet-season brood of the two former species being distinguishable from 

 the specimens of the dry-season brood, by the brighter and darker ground-colour and 

 more prominent markings of both the upper and underside of the wings, and in the 

 latter species (Lemonias) the dry-season specimens are distinguishable from the wet- 

 season by the paler or uniform colour of the whole underside and the absence of the 

 ocelli on the hindwings. In /. Almana, the wet-season brood (Asterie) not only 

 differs from the dry-season (Almana) in the ground-colour and markings of the 

 underside, but also — in the regions where the seasons are well separated — in the 

 shape of the marginal outline of both wings. 



In /. Hierta and Orithya, in addition to the difference in the ground-colour and 

 markings on the underside, the females of both species also have the markings of 

 the upperside somewhat different from those of the males. 



Abekrations or " Sports." — The butterfly described by Moschler as Junonia 



