96 LEPIDOPTEBA INDICA. 



spiny-warts ; second segment -with a transverse row of bristly'-warts ; third to last 

 segment armed with seven rows of branched-spines. 



Pupa. — Head rather flat, with two prolonged straight points in front ; back of 

 thorax sharply raised to a thin squared central projection ; waist hollowed; abdomen 

 •^^■ith a bold dorsal curve ; a subdorsal row of nine small points ; wing-cases promi- 

 nent, shoulders augulated, their lower ends humped (Buckler). 



Type.— P. C-album. 



POLYGONIA VAU-ALBUM (Plate 317, fig. 3, 3a, S)- 



Papilio Yau-Alhum, Denis et Schieffermiiller, Wien. Verz. p. 176 (1776). Fabricius, Mant. Ins. ii. 



p. 489 (1787). Hubner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 83, Si (1793). Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. i. 



pt. i. p. 112 (1807). 

 Pap. Pohjchloros, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pi. 330, fig. C, D (1782), nee Linn. 

 Pap. L. album, Esper, Schmett. i. pt. ii. pi. 62, fig. 3, a, b (1780). 

 Vanessa Vau-album, Godart, Enc. Mcth. ix. p. 306 (1819). de Xiceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. 



p. 236 (1886). 

 NymiJhalu Vau-album, Kirby, Catal. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 773 (1877). 



Imago. — Male and female. Upperside deep fulvous ; cilia black, alternated with 

 ■white. Forewing with a black constricted spot obliquely across middle of the cell, 

 a large quadrate spot at its end, extending from the costa to upper median veinlet, 

 and bordered on each side with a pale yellow diffused costal patch, a discal quadrate 

 black spot between upper and middle median veinlets, two black spots between the 

 middle and lower medians, and two wider separated spots between the lower median 

 and submedian vein ; the basal area and posterior margin sprinkled with olivescent- 

 fuscous scales ; a broad black apical patch bearing an outer pure white costal spot ; 

 the outer margin broadly black and traversed by two indistinct ochreous lines. 

 Hinclwing with a large irregularly-quadrate black spot extending from middle of the 

 costa to discoidal veinlet and outwardly bordered by a quadrate white spot ; outer 

 margin with a broad decreasing black band enclosing a more or less distinct series 

 of small rounded spots paler than the ground-colour, the extreme outer margin being 

 dark fulvous and traversed by two ochreous lines, the inner one most distinct. 

 Underside more or less dusky brownish-ochreous or ochreous-brown. Both 

 wings with the basal half dark ochreous-brown and transversely marked more or 

 less with dense-black or dark-brown strigae, its discal edge sharply defined by a very 

 irregular angulated black line; the discal area less numerously marked with paler 

 brown irrorations and strigae, and traversed by an outer series of black dots ; the 

 outer margins sinuously dark brown, with a medial inner black band bearing a 

 bluish line and two outer indistinct pale ochreous lines. Forewing also with a short 



