234 LEPIDOPTERA INDIGA. 



abdomen dark pink ; spines faintly black tipt. The head ends in two well-separated 

 bkmt points ; a pair of spines anteriorl}', another pair in the middle, and a third 

 smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched and keeled ; on the 

 abdominal segments are eight pairs of spines, the tliird anterior pair the largest " 

 (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 131). 



Haeitat. — Western and Eastern Himalayas; Oudh ; Assam; Khasias; Upper 

 Burma; W. and S. China; Hong Kong; Formosa; Japan. 



Distribution and Hadits. — " In India it is found throughout the outer ranges 

 of the Himalayas, also in Assam and Burma. I have taken it at Agra in the 

 winter" (de Niceville, I.e. 131). It occurs again in Bombay. "This insect is 

 apparently double brooded, as I took small but perfect specimens at Jutogh near 

 kSimla, in April. It has a second brood, which is by far the most plentiful, about 

 June. I have met with it only on the tops of bare hills, flying backwards and 

 forwards and occasionally settling, and then baffling with the wind that is generally 

 rampant in such places. The females are very much scarcer than the males " {id. 

 Indian Agric. 1880). Major J. W. Yerbury took it at Cambellpore in May, and 

 at Murree in September" (P. Z. S. 1886, 3G1). Capt. A. M. Lang found it 

 " tolerably abundant in certain localities in the N. Western Himalayas, at 6000 to 

 8000 feet elevation. The males seem much more abundant than the females " 

 (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1864, 131). Major H. B. Hellard took it at Simla, Masuri, and 

 Pangi in Busahir, from June to October " (MS. Notes). Mr. W. Doherty found it 

 in the " Lower Himalayan region, Kumaon, from the Kali Valley 2500 feet elevation, 

 to Almora and above Pithoragarh, 6000 feet " (J. A. Soc. Beng. 1886, 121). Mr. 

 P. W. Mackinnon records it as " very common in Masuri and the Dun, from April 

 to November" (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1898, 372). Mr. L. de Niceville says it 

 " occurs in Sikkim almost in every month of the year, most usually at an 

 elevation of 4000 feet. I have bred the larva at Tukvar, where it was 

 found feeding on wild violets amongst the tea bushes" (Sikkim Gaz. 1894, 139). 

 Mr. H. J. Elwes states that it is " a common species in Sikkim up to 5000 feet, but 

 mostly found in tea-gardens, or places where the forest has been cleared. Occurs 

 from March to December" (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1888, 349). Mr. de Niceville describes 

 and figures a gynandromorphous example reared by Mrs. S. Robson in March, 1893, 

 at Bankipur, Behai-, N. India (J. Bombay N. H. Soc. 1895, p. 8, pi. 3, fig. 1, 2). 

 Col. C. Swinhoe "took several examples in Bombay in 1877, but have not observed 

 it since" (P. Z. S. 1885, 128). Mr. J. Betham says "the male has all the charac- 

 teristics of the typical Fritillary, dashing about in flight and fanning its wings when 

 settled just in the same sharp manner. The female is a more or less close imitation 

 of Danais Genutia, and in flight looks very like the butterfly it mimics" (Journ. 

 Bombay N. H. Soc. 1890, 283). Dr. N. Mauders records it as "occurring 



