SYNOPSIS OF PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS. 23 



the earlier students of South Indian Geolog-y. Four of his papers 

 refer to parts of the country here treated of j they are— 



'^NoteSj principally geological^ across the Peninsula from Masuli- 

 patam to Goa, &c/' 



" Notes, principally geological, on the tract between Bellary and 

 Bijapur. 



" Notes, principally geological, from Bijapur to Bellary, via Kanna- 

 ghiri." 



" Notes, principally geological, on the South Mahratta Country, &c/' 



In the first of these he gave an admirable description of the Bidar 

 laterite (iron-clay), in which he first discovered small veins of oxide of 

 manganese. His account of the simulation of true stratification by 

 the presence of horizontally disposed cavities, and their having been 

 caused by the lodgment of water that could only escape laterally, is 

 unquestionably correct. He noted the limestone (now reckoned with 

 the Bhima series) which underlies the Decean trap, south of Gulbarga ; 

 also the occurrence of limestone at Chimalga on the left bank of the 



Krishna. 



« 



In the second paper quoted. Captain Newbold referred to the 

 granite (granite-gneiss) hills near Tawurughiri in the Raichur Doab, 

 known as the *' Caradi Guddi^' or Bear Hills. He also mentioned the 

 former existence of an iron-smelting industry crushed by the exactions 

 of the Musulman Government. The occurrence of a band of ehloritic 

 schist to the north-west of Tawurughiri was also observed. The jas- 

 pery clay iron beds near Kamdigul are referred to, and the sequence 

 of the various gneissic rocks met with from there to the ford over the 

 Krishna near Dawurs'^ is then given. He examined the gravel of the 

 Krishna valley to see the character of the rocks traversed in the 



* More generally known now as the Tangurgi (Tungurgee) ford. The new road 

 from Hungund to Bagehvari and Bijapur crosses this ford. 



( 23 ) 



