SUB-AERTAL FORMATIONS AND SOILS. 249 



The first of these occurs on high ground six miles north-east of 

 Muddebihalj and covers a great extent of g-round. The kankar is of 

 pale red color and forms banks of unconsolidated gravel. 



The second ease, which occurs on high ground between three and four 

 miles north of Mudhol, is of precisely the same character in every res- 

 pect. The spread covers many hundred acres, and is in places fully 

 twelve feet or more in thickness. 



Tufa of the third class is also very common, and no particularly 

 striking or instructive cases require to be adduced. 



c. — Pluvial Formations. 



Pluvial aggregations are by no means rare in the mountain region, 



especially on the flanks of trap mountains^ and 



at the sides of some of the larger valleys. Much 



of the quasi-lateritic soil and rock met with in such positions is of 



purely pluvial origin in the first case, but as a rule this class of deposits 



is so much mixed up with the immediately local results of weathering 



action that no line of separation can be traced. Considerable areas were 



met with, especially in the neighbourhood of Belgaum, which were 



covered by such formations in thickness sufiicient to mask the true 



sub-rocks and to necessitate the mapping of the subaerial deposits. 



It was mentioned before (page 344) that no blown sands of any 

 importance were observed, but large tracts of the 

 quartzite region are covered with almost pure sand ; 

 for example, the country north and west of Badami, at which place itself 

 a considerable talus of pure sand surroimds the red quartzite-sandstone 

 cliffs. Similar sand talus was also noted at Persapur on the north side 

 of the Gudur-Hanamsagur quartzite plateau, and to a smaller extent 

 along the northern slope of the hills north-east of Mamdapur in Gokak 

 Taluq. 



2h ( 249 ) 



