the Feith Orn 
JULY 4, 1874.] 
TAB- GARDENERS CHRONICLE. 7 
wwable—an 
but which no one seemed to thin 
anythi ing = “ver ‘thie kly seateered yo the herbage, 
galum umbellatum ; italicu 
but to nt i shady corners ; Co m fru its pay or 
a i 
Ol. 
shru iy péis of = are 
oe benea -= A om 
Had 
up the three Bad features of the Boboli. bisia; 
we should do ing the ge avenue, the 
evergreen Oaks, vail the wild flowers 
LHE FRUITS OF PORTUGAL. 
a — Ê- 823, vol. i., 1874.) 
E ctiv ity, rural wealt h, 
and density of population 3 in the Senet and southern 
parts of Portugal is as striking as between the inhabi- 
tants themselves. The Minho province is, at least, 
cultivated to the erent o of one-fifth of its surface, 
while not TT en of the Alemtejo is tilled, 
men e been 
and what few emn ak improvement hay 
made are due to settlers from the h The, causes 
of this differ between the two provinces of th 
same kingdom, inhabited by the same race, are of Aat 
old standing. ey go back ar as ooris 
when the South was Speers sported 
and converted into o 
m 2. 
cu of the people. These ar 
features, ie ot at ee pe Tics. of a a 
English spade, fixed ata ‘slightly acute ane! 5 upon a 
lon 7; eects It is used in Ps 
ie e 
Fe urses, and in 
i worked i 
miles from its mouth, in which district the Vine is 
about exclusively cultivated, and where the port wine 
of commerce is produ 
The é pitati cereal grown ore na or benar is 
the Maize, which can be so arly as March, but 
the sowing generally diii place: idi the gerer of 
ril. With each pores is mixed a quart or so of 
idney Bean, i about half as 
elon s is system of mixing 
has alwa been considered a faulty method, but with 
the Portuguese it is a species of insurance ; bein ng too 
in the Maize fields, in i 
sha by the Maize =o make little f progres, but 
when the corn is rea es e rapid 
roduces from 60 to 7o tons weight. 
M d Water are objeti. of field cultiva- 
tion, chiefly the latter. in ee oe grown are the 
Cantalupes, the common green sm -skinned sort, 
and, more rarely, the Musk Seelon: “Unlike the Gourd, 
which i ~ me to ripen after the Maize has been cut, the 
Melon is not grown with other erg but by itself, in 
land ridged up with shallow furrows 8 or o feet 
‘Fic. 
I,—GONIOPHLEBIUM. GLAUCOPHYLLUM. 
apart. A rich soil, a ort Sere, and water of 
irrigation in dry seasons produce very large cr 
Water Melons are grown a 
give a less precarious and a lar 
Swee 
e 
of two so ws, a broad, hea 
takes the gee of a spade, a smaller one for r weeding, 
wires a spi eapi ng ere which is iiel indifferently 
t grass an eap the different xy crops. 
The = ploughs differ. ve ny little from the old Ro 
type, and the des aai a of the Sten hetet left by the 
Roman writers applies ah nearly to the simpler and 
smaller of the two Ee used by the Portuguese. 
The harrow is of the rudes: construction, having 
fifteen to twenty teeth, geet or wood, set quincunx 
ashion into a stron Pa troihes Rete wooden frame- 
work, with one cross-bar ers are unknown, but 
a substitute the harrow revers 
weighted with stones, and then drawn, sledge-wi 
over the land. hoe is indispensable in Portuguese 
field ren E The larger kind is Fed piece of 
iron, sha and two-thi as, an 
ce eines 
in earthing- 
aa es inie altering water 
imperfect 
felt, and 
bably attain to; ground can be prepared by it for 
seeds or for anting more quickly than it can be dug 
= é a 7 an although it A less rege aan 4 stirred and 
The used ughout modern 
Portugal i s like the Howrah a modification of the old 
Roman type 
; two am. wheels of solid wood, wi ithout 
spokes, and with iron tires, are ond immovably to 
an axle, “which cath with them. e e cart 
is enormously strong, and the separation of the wheels 
d axl the body allows it to the shocks 
and jolt: f roads which are often little more than 
watercourses on the steep sides of hills. The yoke is 
fixed to the = of the oxen, in some parts of the 
—to their horns, and wh 
country—the most hil 
fixed a le ie cushion aN off the pressure from the 
foreheads of the 
by far the most valuable por- 
In the Maize grow- 
that it pro- 
eyond the slight i caus 
iage in the summer. 
whic 
m v pe manner ] 
larly agreeable to those unaccustomed to its use. 
The district for the port wine, or so called 
tt demarcacao,” is a strictly defined narrow strip o 
ae extending along both banks of the Douro, con- 
; wine 
kvi an the p wine of this small 
legally s 
wine gro 
Porto,” or Oporto was pest divided 
into thie sub-districts, called Feitoria, Subsidiario, 
[e] 
i 
6 
hee 
and Ramo. The produce of the alone was 
allowed to be exported to Europe. In 1852 they 
were all three agglomerated into one ‘‘ demarcacao.” 
b 
eon 
become a 
[eye todas 
4 and is doubtless Ae 
ation of this 
