met 
x 
oF 
street of public-houses charged with the m 
ga 
with no l icenscince Are 
ae Bart., M.P., 
ie oe 
THE 
Aveust 29, 1874.] 
GARDENERS’ 
CHRONICLE. 
261 
ts which E aeS sbeort and nourish pit ansinlie by the pro- 
duets på a Sp graeme of plant s 
= auton struct 
may imagine that Bergin accidentall 
ven pat, the accumulation of insects in s parts of 
their structure, and the practice cm developed 
use it n seful. It long ago sug- 
gested that the receptacle formed by the connate leaves 
of Dipsac i neipient organ of this kind ; 
m 
of cenia may be reg rded asa modification of a lea 
of the Nymphzea type. We may imagin a leaf firs 
beco sie hollow, and dowh débris of differe nt kinds 
to accumulate ; these would decompose, and a solution 
would be roduced, ome e constituents o 
which would diffuse themselves into the subjacent 
plant tissues. This is in point of fact absorption 
e may s that in the first instance— 
as perhaps still in Sarracenia rea matter ab- 
s0 e saline nutritive products of de- 
compositio a moniacal salts he act of 
tion — was doubtless subsequently required. The 
h tatei of fluids by plants, is not an unusual 
phenome: 
mah i 
be 
a 
by natural selection out of one 
ng gland as we still find developed 
art of the pitcher which Rca yes the Aoin of 
h the Bea ama of the pitcher een 
to te eh te laws which result in 
correlation of organs and fun ctions throughout the 
m œ Nature ; Da ich, in my apprehension, 
sites and_ interest those < evolution and 
ese remarks will, I hope, lead 
h the PRIP. of plant nutrition 
differe from those of 
the origin ‘of species, 
you to see that, "bon 
are, i 
Professor Hox ah ati to move a v vote o 
Dr. Hooker os Te remarkable and T 
AN which he had just delivered. He would ask the 
ortion of his audience to imagine street after 
ost exquisite 
e their particular drink—and 
A 
h0 
S eripi er mi fight | 
ard ask the other portion of the audience to i imagi ne 
eet after street of milliners’ om, filled with the most 
also open day and night, ana wit thout 
c ands s examining t the b 
poor animals an i 
their sensati ey saw the most exquisite drinks, 
and the most beautiful bonnets, but suddenly they found 
in the jaws of death, inclosed in an inextric- 
t sure that their admiration of 
ature would reconcile them next morning 
ne in a mass of trans- 
+h 
is mind eris mea 3 to the paper, 
c question which bore very 
> inae nee Gursuits: In the 
7 
and a a we find actions 
por a ee correspond sith a are called 
ourselves hat faves shuts its leaf in 
in the sa ea t's hand elos sie 
you AS it in She mude of the palm. t 
we call reflex action, and wes E would. sik: the ques: 
Apuse rihta in 
which the aves vonitracted, would 
make one of the most wonderful discoveries in modern 
biology. 
FLOWERS AND INSECTS. 
the course of the same meeting, Sir John 
ve a lecture on ‘f Common 
pio n to insects,” of 
taig 
Which the 
Abe cin et the last cent s Conrad § 
lished a most val uable wo nuy, on, flowers, o npr age he 
ted. out that E abi 
for: colours, their t 
y and general sieychire have reference to the visits 
feos which are of importance to flowei 
e 
remain mparatively 
faknows wee Mr. Deru devoted himself to the sub- 
that insects are of to flower 
-importance to flowers, not ‘only in 
oe — the stamens to the pistil, 
MUU y tide TD 
r: cia y 
blished an excellent work on the 
bringing together the observations a ot i and’ yerl 
n immense number of his 
VALUE OF bein 
one knows tant flowers are to 
i e 
flowers at the colour of the corolla has reference 
to the visits of insects is well shown by the cases of 
O 
ae | 
cay 
Bit 
in 
E 
m 
ing of these 
adual modifications, T I shouid reply that it is not here 
my pe e. disc of natura 
all respects ; 
peculiarities o 
nto 
matarity ; 
the best fote to the circumstances in which they 
are placed are most lik 7 to leave descendants. o 
one of these statement r can be, disputed; and 
they raat fully to justify "the conclusions which Mr, 
ed 
Darwin has uced from m, though not all those 
Which hdr been attributed to him is opponents 
ow, applying these considerations to fi s, if it is 
an advantage to th that they should be visited 
insects (and that this is so will presently be shown), 
then it is ous that th ers which, either b 
3 e ec 9 
z é na m en nsfe 
fro m the frarhens to the pea: in aug casa from the 
stamens to ome pistil of the same flower ; but in others 
from the stam ower to the pistil of another. 
This we will call cross-fertilisation 
CROSS FERTILISATION. 
_— 
now enlarge on the 
fertilisation, which 
I ea only o 
e importance of this cross- 
it is no less por p 
We will now pas the cons 
tet sel [fertilisation i is checked 
red, pro- 
ney, and tends to 
nd other insects from obtaining 4 ters to it 
bably serves 
prevent bees a 
by force. 
It is an almost invariable rule that Misery, pe He 
flowers are inc but Se Ta s 
hold good, and there are ay Ak rare 3 sath 
tage Monae by insects, are eerie ih ly coloured. ‘in. 
cases flowers make up by their numbers for the SEEME 
ee s individual conspicuousness ; aiei the insects 
ttracted 
ioned, —— scent as well as the 
doubt eloped th 
an hirm to insects, In confirmation of this it is 
stated that when i he blossoms last 
longer than is oth s e th ; that when flowers are 
once fertilised. th ) d 
performe t tho baat bright colours and strong 
rfi d. 
odours are sufficient to attract the attention of insects, 
a 
A 
animal l 
their emis y resembling oiher ai S, which are ae 
serous isagree: other cases the pistil ri 
TOR the stamens Thera eee 
ich consists of a long tu tube, with a narrow ey | 
Coens by stiff ek which po 
much resembles 
a tube in 
the hairs, they can do 
the same 
nt backwards, so that it | 
trap. Smail f 
or ted. Then the hairs of the tube shrivel up, and 
Pe oot the prisoner, which carries the pollen to another 
E will now Call attention in more detail to some of our 
common wild fi 
ng from flower 
re, she gw generally fertilise each 
with the pollen Ta one which had been previously visited. 
THE DEAD PANTO 
the case or the Dead N 
before m ap firmer and consequenti generally 
deposits upon t a pollen from pr ag flower. 
Thus, then, we see t how aa part 
either, like 
relativo positon of a pistli. ‘ad anthers, t 
na of the tube, the si 
pollen from one flower to 
another ; or, like the minute lateral — of the lower 
lip, is an inheritance 
organs As peeraa = we com 
flowers we shall see 
this beautiful hdepehtion, 
nate the stigma almost to a How grea 
red, but a ergy of the polle 
the stigma is, so to say, a tal. Yet the fertilisation of 
e Lamium is not less dtiscta t ally secured than in either 
of these 
=> 
° 
PEATAS a 
The Heaths offer us another jay ingenious arrange- 
ment—E, tetralix (the cross-leaved Heath) for instance : 
fl he form o 
number, and eac 
i ia slightly, ne have at their lower end an oval open- 
ing. But though this opening is at the lower end of the 
anther ella, the pollen cannot fail out, because each cell, 
ere 
= oS 
: ç 1 1 £ 
w 
ce ll, ane the lrround- 
e pistil and not far from the centre a the bell. 
ances a bee, pay etter! 
nectary, apea beei any 
eaea it comune derived from genes 
; and secondly, ~ ee perp up the 
bell, it inevitably com 
proc 
or raceme, 
aye the Lilac, and 
arwin says, are “‘ the 
ost remarkable- of all Orchids.” In Catasetum the 
tic surfaces are in different 
silinia and the s 
sort t 
latter by 1 
fi 
however, oo sae 
ness, and sae ree throws pee polliniam 
Mr. Darwin cae g as to irritate reen of these 
flowers the pollini thrown 
nearly 3 feet, when i it. prt ts and a 
of a window. is 
certain parts of the 
dheréð ja the A sare 
Fane rg ere st is co 
MARCGRAAVIA, 
I will only mention one other tropical flower, the ce 
c via nepenthoides. The flowe 
some pitch 
liquid, and thus aad num ese again 
bring birds, which can hardly ily fail to to brash agan the 
flowers, _the pollen from 
other, In the flowers 
species offer 
