262 LHE 
GARDENERS 
CHRONICLE. 
[AUGUST 20, 1874, 
akan but more frequently are so constituted as to 
cross-fertilisation. In some of the Violets (V. odo- 
flowers with which 
produc ese curious flowers, however, have no 
aon to our present subject, I shall not now dwell on 
them. 
PRIMULA. 
I pass on to the pne as which offers a most 
interes ee sa g eps hism. The Cowslip and 
mble nyem other i in vee hs spects, though 
the ber oa Derete must different, for while 
the Cowal is agend visited "tat the day by 
humble , this is case with the Primrose, 
which in ‘ir, Darwin's rapist is fi sed almost exclu- 
sively by moths. This, however, is a digression. If 
number of specimens o: T of Cows are 
h 
the economy of the flo . n 
this. t is sufficiently vious—an insect 
‘tied its Pei a Primrose of the long- 
oul yet scis at a par 
when it vied a shortstyied flower, would come just 
he head e pistil, an and could not fail to 
stigma. vd At A 
| dust its pro- 
ms differ er from o 
oth ToS Sota iad is say moi and 
of the two forms di sire riai 
ae e Omg styled being considerably smaller cme the aie 
is i elobdlarand rough, tote that 
somew 
11-7oooths, 
or ‘nearly i in the proportion of rest to tw wo, a ney ren 
ce 
the oo of which is obvious, for eac o give 
a tube which geo the whole valle’ a the 
e base of th flower ; : 
gaa eg mabe the stigm 
the 
SAS 
if pollen from one form 
is placed on cee pistil of the ety than if t ower is 
i of the same form, 
ee oe 
er the manner in which 
sor tate to the ow fies Although w 
he bees ar: 
e may in os respect 
which have 
e Coen be most roel a Sr are the mouth and 
= a If we are asked why we assume that i 
the h — an odi 
| type ard these modified 
s are to be found. The mouth . 
3 2, an 
< laterally, that is to say, from side to side, 
wing in man paa other mammalia, from above to 
e lower lip and maxillæ are 
and not. nT 
below. 
witha ce ee feelers or palpi. In the different groups of 
Insects these organs _ however, oper infinite 
variations, several flowers hermes in - 
terrestris, w a 
He pokman eega that this was the 
sa 5 nd infers, tigt that 
their degrees of intelli 
more dev change ore ma 
jisa m arapoday Coletes, and Megachni; still more so in 
in meme ‘is efile: woi is covered with long feathered 
hairs. 
CLOSING OF FLOWERS. 
One other peculiarity of flowers is explained if we 
take this view 
of the relations of insects to flowers 
i 
y shouid flowers do so? In 
it; they tired, and require 
But why should flowers sleep? hy should some 
do d not others? Moreover, differe: 
keep hours. Th y opens at sun- 
and closes at t, whence its namė, day’s-eye 
.e Dandelion (Leontodo cum) opens at seven 
i closes at five ; Arenaria rubra is open from nine to 
three; Nymphaea alba from about seven to ri 
common Mouse-ear awkeed is said to wake at eight 
d goto sl the sextet wb che (anagalls 
arvensis) to wake at seven and cl after two; 
| while Trag ote th agiis 
s ag said to Sepia ate their dinner-time by it. Other 
flo owers, on the contrary, open in the evening. 
lising them ieve, then, t 1e clastag ne ae te 
as reference to the habits of insects ; and i 
observed also, in support > of this, that meat fertilised 
i never Fe: 
“which attract insects 
smell em th 
cular hours ; thus, “orate matronalis and ryges 
pertina give ‘forth their in the e 
t wit t beau d complex con- 
trivances, whereby the transfer of pollen from flower to 
flower is provided for and te is prevented, yet they 
pro 
are im Sonar or at least are not yet perfect in their 
adaptat 
t is a course, eer te bie: these ma may 
explained away; nev both ins 
flowers are continu aliy alces erin 
e should necessarily 
expect t d such instances, Animal plant - 
stantly tend to adapt themselves to their conditions just 
a small insects 
access and rob them of their contents. 
o flow 
| Malva rotuiidifolia’¢ can Ap d often is, suc! 
from the outside, in y ch “cae 
be y 
though Posoqueria fra- 
ha ago night-flying mpd 
and conse- 
quently rit Sterile, 7 
A oe APPLE.. 
CHARD. ; 
fe is N fc 
4 acres may seen pi f à i 
let il be remembered 
Tia although it ——— 
s, on the other hand, confine them- little 
wou that t individual bees differ some- 
what in their mode of pig 3 epar Some humble 
bees suck the omen of the Fi h Bean and the Scarlet 
unner in the legitim 
in the tube and thus reach it surre surrepti itiously ; and Dr. W. 
red that when he followed any any particular 
e always proceeded in the same ome 
: ana entered by the sonik, others pri eg oniteihie a 
h is pee 
drained it as well as means would admit of, os 
ing a small pond in one pan ri _ 
whilst too much of the limpid elen 8 a in 
doubte d evil 
n 
popular as market App ars 
these the Cellini has been gradually 
found here that with age the trees c 
Keswick Codli 
favoured as the Ma n 
monopolise the space originally planted. The r 
ng portion of the u fo 
crop is exceedingly partial. ins, 
Wellingtons are alike loaded with fruit, and ga 
anticipated tha k e o will not be less than 800 
ae Last e younger trees fruited 
the pro adie: of = nal orchard reached 1000 
occupied with very robust blac 
ost of which lanted twe: 
ve never seen a finer and healthier lot of bush 
producing literall 
rl 
from the fact that sag grow 
well drained, and next deeply tr ore plant- 
ng. en the selection of eggsertias proved to 
such as are well adapted pate the locality, and are 
pe , there has 
superior market varietie 
se or 
Bi CARNATION. 
Daions 
ys 
which oe ae ascri 
posed to say,- rather, 
scloalboye ie t know.” 
a Ate os 3 forward what t 
