116 ANTIQUITIES OF THE OUACHITA VALLEY. 
front of the legs is an incised cross of the four directions. This cross and similar 
emblems shown on other pipes from the Mississippi region call to mind the smok- 
ing ceremony described by Charlevoix, in which the smoke was blown first to the 
sky, then to the earth (“above " and * below "), and then around the horizon, or 
to the four quarters. 
Burial No. 11, a few remnants of teeth, lay in a pit at a depth of 3 feet. With 
it was a large pipe of limestone or of phosphate rock, which evidently had been an 
effizy-pipe, but which, on removal, partly сате to pieces and scaled to such an 
extent that its original shape was lost. 
Burial No. 17, a mere trace of bone, 3.5 feet down, had with it a bowl of 
earthenware and а small cube of galena. This galena (lead sulphide) bears a coat- 
ing of carbonate of lead. Lead carbonate is the white-lead of commerce. It was 
shown by us in the account of our work at the great pre-Columbian site at Mound- 
ville, Ala.,' that the white-lead paint found by us on ceremonial palettes of stone 
could readily have been made by the aborigines by scraping this carbonate deposit 
from masses of galena (such masses were found in the Moundville graves) and mix- 
ing the material with bear-grease. 
Burial No. 22, traces of a skull and of teeth, had a small “ celt” nearby, and 
two similar implements of medium size lay singly, apart from burials. 
Apart from human remains, but evidently having belonged to a burial that 
had disappeared, were a bottle and a pipe, of earthenware, and a cube of galena in 
contact with the pipe, one side of which had been colored by the carbonate deposit 
on the lead sulphide. 
Undoubtedly belonging to a burial that had disappeared through decay, there 
lay in a little heap fifty-four diminutive arrowpoints wrought from pebbles of chert. 
Two discoidals of sandstone, rather roughly made, were found singly with 
earthenware vessels whose associated burials presumably had disappeared through 
decay. 
Several small arrowpoints of chert lay with burials, and a plummet-shaped 
object of hematite, broken at the end where the means for attachment had been, 
was found apart from bones. 
In all, eleven tobacco-pipes of earthenware came from this cemetery, many of 
which lay near human remains and all of which probably had accompanied such 
remains at one time. Seven of these pipes are shown in Figs. 110 to 116, inclu- 
sive. Three of the four pipes not included in the list resemble markedly some of 
those which are illustrated. "The fourth pipe has had projecting at a right angle 
from the base of the bowl an appendage about an inch in diameter at its base, which 
was not with the pipe when found, and without which the pipe offers no feature of 
interest. 
Professor Holmes? figures a number of pipes from Arkansas, which are similar 
in type to many found by us along Bayou Bartholomew. 
' See “Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Black Warrior River,” pp. 146, 147. Journ. Acad. 
Nat. Sci., Phila., Vol. XIII. 
* Aboriginal Pottery of Eastern United States, 20th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Ethn., Plate XXXIII. 
