EVOLUTIONS OF ORGANIZATION. 23 
believers in definite evolution or morphological 
design contend. 
Professor Hackel, of Jena, founding on the 
Darwinian hypothesis, not only pushes it to the 
furthest limit, but accounts for every thing by what 
he calls the “monistic philosophy.” 
According to the materialists, says he, the matter 
has originated the force; and, according to the 
spiritualists, the force has originated the matter ; 
but both are dualistic and wrong: according to 
the monistic philosophy you can neither think of 
force without matter, nor of matter without force. 
“Spirit and soul are only higher and combined 
or differentiated powers of the same function, 
which we indicate by the most general expression 
as force; and force is an universal function of all 
matter.” He has interested himself and_ his 
readers inventing most detailed pedigrees of dif- 
ferent forms, more or less valuable according to 
the degree in which they express established 
morphological affinities, and recommends, to the 
consternation of so able a scientific and political 
authority as Virchow, that this sort of thing should 
be taught in the public schools of Germany. He 
talks with admiration of Oken and St. Hilaire as 
his predecessors in evolution, and fails to see that 
1 Anthropogenie, pp. 707-8. 
