EXPRESSION. 43 
such an influence ; therefore their action, instead 
of affording an explanation of the chin, rather 
exhibits a parallel problem in expression. 
Another very striking illustration of the sugges- 
tion of mental character by permanent bodily form 
is to be obtained thus :—Taking a profile sketch, 
leave the features unaltered, but make additions or 
subtractions from the occipital region and back of 
the neck by changing the line descending from the 
position where the occipital and parietals meet, or 
from a lower point. Grave subtractions from the 
part so bounded become incompatible with the 
expression of mental stability long before they are 
carried to such an extent as to be anatomically 
improbable; but it must not be forgotten that the 
change so simply sketched implies the gravest 
alteration in the form of the brain and skull in 
their whole extent. Here, then, we have an in- 
stance of change of expression produced by the 
altered form of parts whose primary function is 
certainly not one of expression, and thus contrast- 
- ing in a marked way with the changes producible 
by form of chin. 
In the present day, however, the theory of Gall 
and Spurzheim is justly exploded; and I make 
bold to repeat what I have already stated else- 
where, that the vague and helpless notions of 
