EXPRESSION. 49 
of the means adopted to reach the goal is expressed 
by such words as “ direct” or “ roundabout.” 
There remains only the metaphoric use of words 
referring to height to be explained of all the list 
with which we began. Here another principle 
comes into play : we have not to do with a common 
idea of various application, but with two distinct 
ideas associated by circumstance. Because the sky 
and the natural sources of light are above, because 
vegetable life attracts attention most by growth 
above the surface of the ground, because the visible 
products of putrefaction sink down and become 
buried over, because dead bodies fall, because in 
activity we stand up, and in rest lie down, and 
because a lofty position commands attention and 
gives physical advantages, therefore a host of 
associations grow up in the human mind, by which 
“upward” represents the good, the great, and the 
living, “ downward ” the evil and the dead. In the 
same manner, indeed more directly, we associate 
impressions through the organs of sense with im- 
pressions from the moral world similarly pleasant 
or otherwise, as in the case of sweetness, bitterness, 
brightness and gloom. 
2. Emotions to which such words as we have 
been considering have application are indicated 
by the attitudes, gestures, and movements of body 
D 
