EVOLUTIONS OF ORGANIZATION. 9 
early as 1805, the doctrine that all organic beings 
originate in and consist of cells, which constitute the 
protoplasm from which all larger organisms are 
evolved;* and he is more generally recognized as 
having been the first to perceive that the skull con- 
sists of segments in serial continuity with those of 
the vertebral column. But principally it concerns 
us to notice that while Oken appreciated the cor- 
respondence between the ovum, the beginning of 
life in the complex animal, and the “oozoa” or 
simplest forms of animals, he saw in the animal 
world an unity completed in man; or, to use 
his own words, the animal kingdom is only a 
dismemberment of the highest animal, z¢, of 
man.” 
The plan sketched by Oken was, so far as the 
animal kingdom was concerned, modified and 
elaborated by C. G. Carus. Guided, like Oken, by 
the aphorism that the whole is repeated in every 
part, Carus published with his beautiful work on 
Compgrative Anatomy a volume of “Researches 
on Philosophic or Transcendental Anatomy,” as 
perplexing a puzzle as could well be conceived for 
a plain observer of Nature. But it is to be noted 
among the much that is good which we owe to him, 
that he recognized as a cardinal fact the central 
1 Op. cit. p. xi. 2 Op. cit. p. 494. 
