58 EXPRESSION. 
able, quite quiescent: it is perceptibly broadened 
and shortened by the outward and upward move- 
ment of the ale. Thus this characteristically 
human expression is not confined to a single 
feature, much less the effect of a single muscle, 
after the fashion in which Duchenne* endeavours 
to demonstrate that various expressions are pro- 
duced each by a particular band of fibres. The 
means are various by which the results so harmoni- 
ous in character, so similar in their symbolism, are 
achieved: here it is by the direct pulling of 
muscles, there by the accident of one part pushing 
another upwards, and by the wrinkling caused by 
an action having another primary object. 
Under the influence of the depressing emotions 
the same parts are depressed which were raised 
in smiling; and the apertures of the face, the 
openings of communication with the world, are 
diminished as the soul retires from its disagree- 
able surroundings. The brows, the eyelids, the 
ale of the nose, but most of all the angles of the 
mouth, are lowered in all expressions of sadness. 
But, in speaking of smiling and sorrow, I keep 
out of consideration altogether laughter, sobbing 
and crying. They do not fall within the limits of 
actions principally explained by the natural corre- 
1 Méchanisme de la Physiognomie Humaine. 
