EXPRESSION. 61. 
disdain is indicated by the raising of a portion of 
the upper lip; and the expression once originated 
can be exaggerated by the drawing up of the lower 
lip and the chin by the /evator menti, while the 
angles of the mouth are actually pulled down, so as 
to give it the appearance of being held down at the 
ends while an effort is made to pull it up from 
the surroundings which hold it. 
In the allied expression of disgust, the /evator 
mentz takes no part, while the depressors of the 
lower lip are more strongly contracted, because 
the idea is no longer to keep away from the 
objectionable notion, but to get rid of the foul 
thing which has already entered. The same 
muscles come into play in getting rid of a bad 
taste; and language, travelling in a similar line 
to expression by feature, signifies the alliance 
by the word disgust. Darwin also, quoting Piderit, 
draws attention to the action of the nose, which 
gives the idea of getting rid of an offensive odour ; 
but I think these writers are mistaken in imputing 
to the upper lip an action “so as to close the 
nostrils as by a valve.” The upper lip is incapable 
of shutting the nostrils, and is not used in any 
animal for that purpose ; and what we really do, in 
an unrestrained expression of disgust, is to raise and 
distend the nostrils, as if to give egress to an objec- 
