XXVII.] INTELLIGENCE. 7 



both sensation and consciousness. On the theory of the 

 independent creation of every separate species, these can 

 only be regarded as instruments of torture devised by 

 Creative Wisdom. But if we believe that they are descended 

 from species which were not parasitic, and have become 

 self-adapted to new habitats, their existence ceases to be 

 anything more than a particrdar case of the question, why 

 pain and disease are permitted at all. 



The same remark applies to what have been called Unnatural 

 unnatural, but would be better called immoral instincts ; instinctT.'' 

 such as the working bees slaughtering the drones, after 

 they have fertilized the queen; the female spider en- 

 deavouring to devour the male as soon as she is fertilized ;i 

 the habit of some species of ants, of carrying off ants of 

 other species when in the pupa state, and making slaves of 

 them ; the habit of the cuckoo of laying its eggs in the 

 nests of other birds ; and of the young cuckoo, of throwing 

 the original tenants out of the nest to perish. It is surely 

 easier to believe these instincts to be very peculiar and 

 abnormal results of vital intelligence, than to believe each 

 of them to be a special providential endowment. 



It will probably be said that this identification of 

 formative, instinctive, and mental intelligence is Panthe- 

 istic. This word is sometimes used very indefinitely, but 

 the proper meaning of Pantheism is the identification of 

 the Divine power and intelligence with the powers and 

 intelligences that work in the world of matter and mind. 

 I am not a Pantheist : on the contrary, I believe in a 

 Divine Power and Wisdom infinitely transcending all 

 manifestations of power and intelligence that are or can 

 be known to us in our present state of being. The rela- 

 tion between the Creator and the creation is a mystery 

 to us ; not from want of information, but from want of 

 a faculty for understanding it; and it must remain so until 

 we have begun to " know even as we are known." On this 

 question of intelligence, however, the following remarks 

 will be sufficient to show that my position is quite 

 consistent with Theism. 



* Carpenter's Comparative Physiolog}', p. 427. 



