XIV CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 



of the law of habit — Gradual variability of habit in morphology, language, art, 

 and history — Analogy of jiolitical progress to mental education — Both consist 

 in the formation of habits — Necessity of permanence in habits — Political bores 

 — Conscious functions are later developed, both in the individual and in society 

 — Government — Law — Habit ought to be controlled by inteUigcuce — Conser- 

 vatism and Liberalism— Institutions outlive their usefulness . Pp. 169 — 183 



CHAPTER XLI. 



NATURAL SELECTION IN HISTORY. 



Production of new types of character in colonization — Average difference of 

 emigrants from the parent stock — Direct effect of new circumstances — Natural 

 selection by climate of a race suited thereto, and having a distinct character — 

 This process is jourely physical — Natvu'al selection is also tnie of the moral 

 world — History is determined by man's mental nature — Victory in human con- 

 flicts depends on moral causes^It does not depend chiefly on courage — Supe- 

 riority of power in a primitive state due to the domestic virtues — The political 

 virtues — The civic virtues — Virtue confers power — At first vanquished races 

 were destroyed : afterwards they were subjugated — Political progress due to 

 conquest — Ultimately, war ceases to be an agency of jn'ogress — Peaceful pro- 

 gress due to competition and natural selection — Justification of freedom. 



Pp. 184—191 



CHAPTER XLI I. 



INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL OllGANIZATION. 



Division of labour in the organism and in society — Society is an organism — 

 Nutritive and nervo-rauscular organs — Industrial and political organization — 

 Social, like organic development, is from the simple to the comjilex — The most 

 liighly organized are the largest and tlie longest lived — Constant change of 

 material — Groimd of the resemblance — Life is in both a mode of activity — 

 Habit — Intelligence — Three differences between individual and social organiza- 

 tion — Social organization does not depend on structure — In it the whole exists 

 for the parts — It has no reproductive function — Are societies necessarily mortal ? 

 — Argument for the negative. 



Note : Hcrhcrt SiKiicer on the Social Organism : — My objections on this sub- 

 ject to H. Spencer — Hobbes on the same subject Pp. 192 — 197 



CHAPTER XLIII. 



THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES. 



The present subject naturally comes at the end of the work — Any such classifi- 

 cation must be imperfect— Subjects belonging to more than one science — 

 Spectrum analysis : polarizing crj'stals : electro-chemistry — One science giving 



