CONTENTS OF VOL. II. xiii 



only principles which enter into all reasoning are those of logic — These are 

 known by intelligence without habit — They are involved in perception — The 

 logical principle of identity — The idea of substance — Axioms of metaphysics — 

 Beliefs not the results of thought, but implied in thought — Belief in the 

 veracity of memory is an ultimate fact, and belongs to intelligence — Resem- 

 blance of my theory to idealism, and its diflerence — I believe the laws of 

 thought are so because they are laws of nature — The question, should we expect 

 to find natui-e constant if it were not so, is irrational — Intelligence is co-exten- 

 sive with life, and not always conscious — Summary — Belief implies intelligence, 

 as nutrition and gi-owth imply organizing power — Intelligence dominates most 

 in the highest life, both organic and mental— Peculiarities of the mind of man 

 — Sense of holiness — Power of directing thouglit at will — Consciousness of self 

 — Use of the personal pronouns — Intelligence needed for this. 



Note A : Bain's Theory of Belief: — Quotation from Bain — His theory of belief 

 is no explanation — Belief in substance — Mill on Bain — Bain on the belief in the 

 veracity of memory — Mill on the same. 



Note B ; MilVs Inductive Logic : — Inductive and deductive reasoning — Reason- 

 ing from particulars to particulars— Quotation from Mill — Question of the 

 origin of the belief in the constancy of nature Pp. 152 — 168 



CHAPTER XL. 



HABIT AND VAKIATION IN HISTORY. 



The science of life and mind has been fully systematized, as have also been logic, 

 mathematics, physics, and chemistry : but the sciences of the results of man's 

 mental activity have not yet been systematized, including those of language, 

 art, and society — The laws of these subjects depend on the laws of mind, but 

 the converse is not trae — In language are an intelligent and a habitual element 

 ■ — Comparative gi-ammar is as yet only comparative etymology, but comparative 

 syntax is to be hoped for — Language is an organism — As life constructs the 

 organism, so thought eonstnicts language— Variability of language, both in the 

 forms of words and their meanings, comparable to variations in the forms of 

 organs, and in their functions — Rudimentary organs comparable to silent letters 

 — Morphological correlations, independent of function, comparable to inflections 

 without meaning — Morphology and the science of language are both compara- 

 tive sciences, and sciences of progressive change — The embryology of language 

 is yet unknown — Historical science of the fine arts, involving the same prin- 

 ciples as organic morphology and language — Morphology of art — Its progressive 

 changes — English architecture— Roman, Gothic, and Oriental architecture — 

 Love of novelty is the moving power in the progress of art — Habit is the reason 

 of continuity in the history of art — Rapid changes in art — Substitution in 

 England of Early Pointed for Norman — This is probably paralleled in the de- 

 velopment of species — Intelligence in art modifying the materials given to it liy 

 unintelligent habit, without \'iolating the consistency of a style — Instance in 

 the modification of Gothic architecture for the display of stained glass — Politics 

 — Continuity of history and gradnaluess of political growth are consequences 



