xxxiii.l MENTAL DEVELOPMENT. 77 



of motor action : voluntary motor action is a later and 

 higher development than consensual action. 



The lower kind of reasoning, which we have in common Simple 

 with animals, and which merely consists in reasoning from ^^if^renoe 

 one object of sense to another, may be called simple infer- abstract 

 ence. The higher and cUstuictively human kind may be '"^^®°^™s- 

 called abstract reasoning. 



I have now completed this outline of the development 

 of the intellectual nature; and concerning the development 

 of the moral and emotional nature it is only necessary to 

 state again, in a slightly different form, the results we have 

 arrived at on this subject in the preceding chapter. 



The germ of the whole moral and emotional nature is Moral 

 the sense of pleasure and pain in mere sensation. Out of JJ^ture 



. developed 



the sense of pleasure and pain as actually felt, arise desire out of the 

 and fear : and out of the desire and fear of present things, !,i!f!!,°l 

 such as desire for food or fear of a wild beast, arise care and pain, 

 for the unseen and distant future ; and hence the virtue care for 

 (for it is a virtue) of prudence. At the same time new ^^^ future, 

 emotions are produced by the action of association, which Emotions 

 attach themselves, not to the immediate pleasures and ^^^ *-° 



•■- associa- 



pains of sensation, but to objects which have become tion.- 



habitually associated with these. The love of money is 

 the best instance of this ; it has evidently been produced 

 by the association in the mind of money with the desirable 

 things that money can obtain for its owner ; for money is 

 not desirable except on account of the desirable things it 

 will obtain. Selfish as this passion usually is, it is the 

 mark and attribute of a more highly developed mental 

 nature than that which cares only or chiefly for the 

 enjoyments of mere sensation. I have mentioned the 

 love of money, because it is by far the most remark- 

 able of the class ; but these feelings of association may 

 attach themselves to almost anything, and sometimes do 

 attach themselves very closely to places and to objects 

 which may have no beauty, and no value except as 

 mementoes. 



Next in the scale of moral development are sympathy Sympathy. 

 and the social affections. Out of the desire of good and 



