CH. XLII.] INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL OUGANIZATION. 193 



true of organic life, is equally true of social life. It is too 

 faniiliax a truth to need insisting on, that the power, or 

 efficiency, of a society depends on division of labour, and 

 on ability to combine the several actions of the various 

 members among whicli the labour is divided ; and it is 

 equally obvious to any one who has the slightest know- 

 ledge of comparative biology, that the eflticiency of the 

 nutritive, or motor, or sensory apparatus of an organism 

 depends on the same conditions ; namely on the distri- 

 bution of functions between the several parts, and the 

 consequent ability to combine the different actions of 

 those parts. 



The parallel between the individual and the social 

 organism is, however, a much closer one than the fore- 

 going remarks imply. 



In the higher organisms — that is to say, in all animals 

 except the Protozoa — there are two totally distinct sets 

 of organs, namely the nutritive and the nervo-muscular. Nutritive 

 Similarlv, the organization of society is twofold, industrial ^^'^ nervo- 



, . .' 1.1 -1 . . p muscular 



and political : the industrial organization of society is com- organs. 

 parable to the nutritive organization of the animal, and Industrial 

 the political organization of society is comparable to the political 

 nervo-muscular organization of the animal. organiza- 



■■& 



tion. 



There is also this resemblance, that the development of gggjjj ^^^.^ 

 the commvinity, like that of the individual organism, is organic de- 

 from the simple to the complex.^ In the simplest forms mentis 

 of human society there is no division of labour, except from the 



1.1 -iiii-Pf. p simple 



what IS determined by the differences oi age and sex. to the 

 With social and political advance, the division of labour ^"'"Pl®-'^- 

 goes on constantly increasing. Moreover, the more highly The most 

 organized among organisms grow to the largest size, and '^'Shly 



t> o o o b > organized 



live the longest ; those of lowest organization are mostly are the 

 microscopic, and live for only a few days — in remarkable th?longest 

 contrast with the whale, the elephant, and man. It is the li^'^^. 

 same in societies; the communities of savages are very 

 small, and last for but a few generations — unlike the king- 

 doms and republics of civilized men. I further believe 



1 See the chapter on Organic Development (Chap. XI.). 

 VOL. XL O 



