194 HABIT AND INTELLIGENCE. [chap. 



that tlie highest organisms have been derived by descent, 

 with modification, from the lowest ; and that the most 

 highly civilized societies have been developed out of 

 savage ones by gradi;al advance. 



Further : the material of the organism is constantly 

 Constant ceasin" to live, and is cast off by excretion, while new 

 matefial! matter is brought in and vitalized; so that the same 

 organism, at successive periods, does not consist of the 

 same matter. Just so, members of the community are 

 constantly dying, while others are born ; so that the same 

 community, at successive periods, consists of different 

 individuals. 



The parallel which I have drawn between the organic 



life of the individual and that of society is much too close 



Ground of to be accidental ; it must be due to some common ground 



blancr*^"^' i^ ^^^ nature of both. This common ground, as I think, 



consists in these three truths : — 

 Life is ia 1. Life, in both the individual organism and in society, 

 ^°*^ ^ r is a mode of activity. Perfectly stagnant life would be a 

 activity, contradiction. 



Habit. 2. The laws of habit are operative in both ; and 



lutelli- 3. Habit and the other unintelligent forces are in both 



gence. controlled by intelligence ; to the action of wliich. all 



advance in organization, whether individual or social, is 



due — organizing intelligence in the individual organism, 



mental intelligence in society. The mental intelligence to 



which social organization and social progress are due, acts 



for the most part with very little consciousness of the 



process which it effects ; but organizing intelligence has 



rp, no consciousness whatever. 



differences I have to remark, in conclusion, that there are three 

 individual differences between individual and social organization, 

 and social -^hich ought to be clearly stated. 



tion. In the individual organism, organization depends on 



Social structure ; in other words, the relation of parts with 

 till does respect to function depends on their relations of position 

 not depend and form. In societies this is not the case, 

 ture. In the higher animals, the sentient life is concentrated 



