196 HABIT AND INTELLIGENCE. [chap. 



Money. ^ Eed blood-corpuscles. 



Koads, canals, and railways. Blood-vessels. 



Double lines of rail. Double set of vessels (arteries 



and veins). 



The governing class. The uervo-muscular system. 



Local and executive govern- Ganglia, including the spinal 



ments. cord. 



Parliament. The cerebral ganglia. 



Telegraph wires. Nerve fibres. 



Telegraph wires used in work- Nerve fibres controlling the 



ing railway traffic. arteries. 



I cannot see that I have done any injustice to Mr. Spencer in 

 the foregoing summary of some of his special conclusions. I do 

 not, however, mean to imply that they are nothing more than a 

 mass of incongruities. His general parallel between the processes 

 of development in the individual and in the social organism is 

 most valuable. Mr. Spencer has laid himself the more open to 

 Hobbes on such a criticism as mine by quoting a passage from Hobbes, in 

 the same order to show its incongruities, which, as it appears to me, are of 

 ^"^ ■' '^ ' exactly the same kind as his own. I subjoin part of it, quoting 

 the words exactly, but putting it into tabular form. Hobbes, I 

 must mention, regards the " great leviathan called a common- 

 wealth " as an artificial production, not a natural growth. 



(An artificial soul, as giving life 

 and motion to the whole 

 body. 



The magistrates and other 1 



officers of judicature and [ Artificml joints. 

 execution J 



1 " Silver and gold have to perform, in the organization of the state, 

 the same function as the blood-corpuscles in the human organization. 

 As these round discs, without themselves taking an immediate share in 

 the nutritive process, are the medium, the essential condition of the 

 change of matter, of the production of the heat and of the force by wliich 

 the temperature of the body is kept up and the motions of the blood and 

 all the juices are determined, so has gold become the medium of all activity 

 in the life of the state." (Liebig, quoted by Spencer.) 



The theory referred to in the above passage is, that the red blood- 

 corpuscles are carriers of oxygen to the tissues, and of carbonic acid away 

 from them; so that they are used in the process of nutrition without 

 being consumed. Carpenter, however (Human Physiology, p. 198), refers 

 to this theory as only a probable one. 



