202 



HABIT AND INTELLIGENCE. 



[chap. 



No single 

 series in 

 nature. 



The arrangement we are to aim at is that in which the 

 more simple and general subjects come before the more 

 complex and special, and in which each science depends 

 on those which come before it in the series, but is inde- 

 pendent of those which come after it. I think no intelli- 

 gent man will question that, if it is practicable, such 

 an arrangement is the right one. The question will be 

 whether the sciences will fit into such an arrangement ; 

 and this is not a question for reasoning, but for trial. 

 The only way of proving that such a classification can be 

 made, is to make it. 



I admit that there is no such thing, either in the clas- 

 sification of the sciences or anywhere else in nature, 

 as a single linear series. All classification whatever is 

 in groups of groups. But I think I shall show that 

 the sciences do arrange themselves in a series of large 

 groups, in which series the simpler and more general 

 subjects come before the more complex and special ones, 

 and each member of this series depends on those which 

 go before it, but is independent of those which come 

 after it. 



First 

 division, 

 into logic 

 and its 

 applica- 

 tions. 



Logic, 

 unlike 



the other 

 sciences, 

 is not an 

 organou. 



Proceeding on these principles, the first and most funda- 

 mental division of the sciences is, as it appears to me, that 

 into abstract logic on the one side, and the applications of 

 logic on the other. Every possible science comes under 

 one of these two heads : every science other than abstract 

 logic consists in the application of logic to some particular 

 class of subjects. In another way also logic is contrasted 

 with the other sciences. All the other sciences are orgaua 

 of discovery ; that is to say, they make discoveries whereby 

 we come to know what we did not know before. But 

 logic is not an organon of discovery. It has no discoveries 

 to make. "When we master the science of logic, we do 

 not learn anything that we were ignorant of before; we 

 only become conscious of knowing what we previously 

 knew unconsciously. The axioms that a contradiction 

 cannot be true, that what is true of every one of a class 

 is true of each one of the class, and that things which 



