330 RUDDY DUCK. 
Length to end of tail 143 inches, to end of wings 123, to end of 
claws 15, to carpal joint 71; extent of wings 214; wing from flexure 
61; tail 33; bill along the ridge 13, along the edge of lower mandible 
12; tarsus 1}; hind toe and claw #; inner toe 14, its claw }; middle 
toe 23, its claw 3; outer toe 23, its claw j. Weight 13 lb. Average 
measurements of six individuals. 
The black on the head of the male is sometimes marked with a few 
white feathers. 
Adult Female in summer. Plate CCCXLIII. Fig. 2. 
The plumage presents the same characters as in the male. ‘The 
bill is of a darker greyish-blue ; iris as in the male; feet darker. The 
top of the head, and all the upper parts, are dark reddish-brown, 
minutely dotted and undulated with dusky ; wings and tail as in the 
male ; lower parts duller than in the male, but similarly marked ; the 
throat, and a band from the base of the upper mandible to beneath the 
eye, brownish- white. 
Male one year old. Plate CCCXLIII. Fig. 3. 
Bill, eyes, and feet as in the adult. A similar white patch on the 
side of the head ; upper part of head and hind neck dull blackish-brown ; 
throat and sides of the neck greyish-brown ; lower part of neck, dull 
reddish-brown, waved with dusky ; upper parts as in the adult, but of 
a duller tint ; lower parts greyish-white. 
Young in December. Plate CCCXLIII. Fig. 4. 
Bill dusky ; iris hazel; feet yellowish-green, webs dusky. All the 
upper parts dull reddish-brown tinged with grey, and barred with 
dusky ; wings and tail dark greyish-brown. Cheeks, fore part and sides 
of neck, and all the lower parts, dull yellowish-white, undulated with 
dusky ; as is the rump above ; the lower tail-coverts white. 
The tongue of a male is 1 inch 8 twelfths long, and of the same 
general form as that of the Fuligule, but a little more dilated at the 
end. ‘The cesophagus is } inch in diameter until its entrance into the 
thorax, when it contracts, and again expands to 6 twelfths, to form the 
proventriculus, of which the glandules are oblong, small, and very nu- 
merous, occupying a space of 2} inches in length, The stomach is a 
