470 WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. 
wing, the anterior formed by the first row of small coverts and several 
of those adjoining, the other by the secondary coverts, of which the 
basal half only is black; the inner secondaries are tipped with white, 
as are the tail-coverts, and the quills and tail-feathers are very slightly 
margined with whitish. Bristly feathers at the base of the bill yellow- 
ish-white ; sides brownish, and streaked with dusky, axillar feathers 
whitish ; lower tail-coverts brownish-black, broadly margined with 
reddish-white. 
Length to end of tail 63 inches, to end of wings 53, to end of claws 
5; extent of wings 103; bill along the ridge #§, along the edge of 
lower mandible 74; wing from flexure 374; tail 27; tarsus #4; hind 
toe 34, its claw 7%; middle toe 7, its claw 72. 
Female. Plate CCCLXIV. Fig. 3. 
The female has the upper parts dusky, the feathers margined with 
greyish-yellow, the rump wax-yellow; the lower parts are yellowish- 
erey, streaked with dusky, the fore part of the breast wax-yellow ; the 
wings and tail are as in the male, but paler, and with the white bands 
on the former of less breadth. Bill and feet darker than those of the 
male. 
Length to end of tail 6} inches, to end of wings 5, to end of claws 
51; extent of wings 10. 
Young. Plate CCCLXIV. Fig. 4. 
The young resemble the female, but the lower parts are dull yel- 
lowish-grey, spotted and streaked with dark brown. 
After the first moult the male still resembles the female, but is 
more yellow. At the next moult it acquires the red colour, which be- 
comes richer and purer the older the bird. 
In this species there are three longitudinal ridges on the roof of the 
mouth, and the palate is bent in the same manner as in Buntings. 
The tongue is of the same general form as that of the Pine Grosbeak, 
34 twelfths long, compressed and slender at the base, with the basi- 
hyoid bone of a similar form, concave above, dilated and rounded at 
the end, so as to resemble a scoop or spoon. The cesophagus, bc de, is 
