TREE SPARROW. 513 



Fringilla canadensis, Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 434 — Ch. Bonaparte, Synops. 



of Birds of the United States, p. 109. 

 Emberiza canadensis. Tree Buntling, Swains, and Richards. Fauna Bor. Amer. 



vol. iL p. 252. 

 Tree Sparrow, Fringilla arborea, Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. ii. p. 123. pi. 16. fig. 3. 



— F. canadensis, Nuttall, Manual, part i. 495. 



Adult Male. Plate CLXXXVIII. Fig. 1. 



Bill short, strong, conical, acute; upper mandible rather narrower 

 than the lower, with the dorsal outline very slightly convex, the sides 

 rounded, the edges sharp and inflected, the tip very slightly declinate ; 

 lower mandible also shghtly convex in its dorsal line, the sides rounded, 

 the edges involute ; the gap-line slightly deflected at the base. Nostrils 

 basal, roundish, concealed by the feathers. The general form rather ro- 

 bust. Legs of moderate length, slender ; tarsus compressed, anteriorly 

 covered with a few long scutella, sharp behind ; toes scutellate above, free, 

 the lateral ones nearly equal ; claws slender, slightly arched, that of the 

 hind-toe considerably larger, much compressed, acute. 



Plumage soft, blended. Wings of moderate length ; the third and 

 fourth quills longest and equal, but the second, third, fourth, and fifth 

 are about the same length, and slightly cut out on the outer edge ; secon- 

 daries emarginate. Tail long, emarginate, nearly straight, of twelve ra- 

 ther narrow, obliquely pointed feathers. 



Bill blaclv above, reddish-yellow beneath, with tlie tip blackish. Iris 

 brown. Legs dusky-brown, the toes blackish-brown. Upper part of the 

 head bright bay ; a band of greyish-white passes over the eye, lighter at 

 its commencement near the upper mandible, and gradually shaded into 

 ash-grey ; sides of the head and neck ash-grey, the latter with some 

 streaks of bay, of which a short band proceeds from the eye backwards. 

 Middle of the back streaked with deep brown, bay, and pale yellowish- 

 grey ; rump light yellowish-grey. Wing-coverts similar to the back, the 

 first row of small coverts, and the secondary coverts broadly edged with 

 bright bay and largely tipped with white, of which there are thus two 

 conspicuous bands across the wing ; quills dusky, margined the outer 

 with dull white, the inner with pale bay, the three inner secondaries 

 broadly margined towards the end vvith white. Tail-feathers also dusky, 

 margined externally and internally with greyish-white, the edge of the 

 outermost pure white. Fore-neck pale grey, the sides yellowish grey, the 



VOL. II. K k 



