IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKER. 527 



♦ 

 glandules, which are very small, form a belt 1 inch in breadth. The intes- 

 tine, defg h, is of moderate length and very wide. The duodenum curves 

 at the distance of 3i inches. The pylorus is about two-twelfths in width, 

 with an elevated margin, and allows the untriturated seeds and other 

 refuse to pass into the intestine, which in some parts is turgid with 

 them. The intestine measures 24 inches in length ; its width in the 

 duodenal portion is 3^ twelfths, and so continues to the length of 12 

 inches, when it gradually enlarges, so as at the commencement of the rec- 

 tum to be 6 twelfths. The rectum itself, eg h, continues of that width, and 

 is enlarged into a globular cloaca, h, 1^ inch in diameter. The whole intes- 

 tine is more or less filled with pulpy matter, together with a vast number 

 of grape seeds and others of a much larger size, but all having a strong 

 shell. Hence it appears that the stomach of this Woodpecker is not 

 adapted for pounding very hard substances, and that the seeds of berries 

 and pulpy fruits pass undigested through its intestinal canal. The same 

 remark applies to all the other species examined. There are no traces 

 ofcceca. 



The apparatus, by means of which the tongue of this and other 

 Woodpeckers is protruded and retracted, is so beautiful a specimen of 

 mechanism, and at the same time so perfectly simple, although by 

 bungling describers it has been rendered almost unintelligible, that it may 

 be expedient to present it here in detail, the more especially that this 

 species, although not that in which it is exhibited in the highest degree 

 of development or extension, is yet, as being one of the largest known, 

 peciiliarly well adapted for such an examination. Two figures, there- 

 fore, are here introduced. 



In Fig. 1 are seen : — The upper and lower mandibles a b, the 

 tongue c d, the terminal barbed portion c, the fleshy part d, the orbit 

 and eye e, the salivary gland /, the hyoid bones g g, the neck h h, the 

 furcula i i, the oesophagus j j, the trachea k, its lateral muscles 1 1, the 

 cleido-tracheal m m. 



In Fig. 2 are seen : — The lower mandible 6, the salivary glands //, 

 the hyoid bones g g, the oesophagus j j j, the trachea k, the lateral 

 muscles 1 1, the cleido-tracheal m m, the glosso-laryngeal n n, the muscles 

 by which the tongue is exserted o o. 



The bill of this species, Fig. 1, a b, measures 3 inches and 2 twelfths 

 from the angle of the mouth ; and the tongue, c d, which lies in the 

 broad groove of the lower mandible, reaches to 2 twelfths of the ex- 



