542 GOLDEN- WINGED WOODPECKER. 



end, with a small horny rather blunt tip, on which are two series of small 

 reversed pointed papillae. The horns of the hyoid bone are recurved in 

 the usual manner, and extend to the right nasal membrane, to which their 

 sheath is attached. The other apparatus connected with the tongue is 

 the same as in the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. The pyramidal or sali- 

 vary glands are very large, extending half an inch beyond the articula- 

 tion of the lower jaw. The cesophagus is 4 inches long, of moderate 

 width. The proventriculus is very much enlarged, as in the other spe- 

 cies, its greatest width being 8 twelfths. The stomach is a muscular 

 gizzard of moderate size, its right lateral muscle twice as large as the 

 left, the tendons very large ; the epithelium strong, longitudinally ru- 

 gous, and reddish-brown. In the stomach are grains of maize, seeds of 

 grasses, and insects. The proventricular glands are very small, and 

 form a belt 9 twelfths in breadth at the right side, but narrower toward 

 the left. The intestine is 15 inches long, from 3 twelfths to 2| twelfths 

 in width. There are no coeca. The cloaca is large and elliptical. 



The trachea is 2 inches 9 twelfths long, 1^ twelfth in breadth, con- 

 siderably flattened, its rings, which are well ossified, 90 in number, 

 with 2 additional dimidiate rings. The muscles are as in the other spe- 

 cies ; but the glosso-laryngeal differ very considerably in 

 their insertion, as is represented by the accompanying fi- 

 giires in which they are seen before and behind. They 

 come down parallel to each other, as far as the commence- 

 ment of the thyroid bone, then diverge, each of them pass- 

 ing toward its own side, winding behind the trachea, cross- 

 ing it at the back part, reappearing in front at the oppo- 

 site side, and crossing obliquely to the other side, thus forming a figure of 

 eight, and finally kiserted at its back part at the distance of 9 twelfths 

 from the tip of the thyroid bone. The bronchi are of moderate length, 

 narrow, of 15 half rings. 



There is a very curious gradation in the degree of elongation of the 

 horns of the hyoid bone in the different American Woodpeckers, some 

 of which consequently have the power of thrusting out their tongue 

 to a much greater extent than others. Thus : 



In Picus varius, the tips of the horns of the hyoid bone reach only to 

 the upper edge of the cerebellum, or the middle of the occipital region. 



