52 Transactions.— Zoology. 
be spared for dissection, the neuration can be made out by denuding a 
small portion of the under-surface with a camel’s-hair brush moistened ; 
the part requiring denudation is the neighbourhood of the areole, as in 
general the other veins can be sufficiently discerned on the lower surface 
under a lens. Of course the student should first make himself acquainted 
by full dissection with the ordinary position of the veins, and the nature of 
the more important points to be observed. 
I will repeat here the explanation given in a former paper of the mode 
of reckoning the veins, with special reference to the Geometrina. These are 
numbered in order, beginning from that nearest to the inner margin, and 
ending with that nearest to the costa. The forewings have normally 12 
veins, of which 1 and 12 rise separately, the rest from the margins of a 
central cell. Similarly the hindwings have normally 8 veins, of which 1 
and 8 are separate, the rest rising from a central cell. Sometimes a vein 
may be obsolete, especially in the hindwings, which thus appear to have 
only 7. The veins are assumed to rise from the cell independently of one 
another, unless otherwise stated. Rarely there is a small additional free 
vein vetween 1 and the inner margin; this is termed la. The veins 
rising from the upper margin of the cell are in the Geometrina constantly 
liable to unite for a short distance in the middle of their course, and then 
separate again; this I have termed anastomosing. In consequence of it, 
there is usually formed a small additional cell (termed the areole) upon the 
margin of the main cell; this areole may be single, double, or even triple 
(though not in New Zealand), according to the number of veins anasto- 
mosing. Vein 12 is also liable to anastomose with 11. This curious 
structure is highly characteristic of the group. Other organs require little 
explanation. The length of the ciliations or pectinations of the antenne is 
given by numbers in brackets, and is expressed in terms of the breadth of 
the antennal stalk; where the two series of pectinations are unequal, the 
inner series is denoted by a, the outer by b prefixed to these numbers. 
GEOMETRINA. 
Ocelli always absent. Tongue well-developed. No maxillary palpi. 
Labial palpi well-developed, usually porrected, roughly scaled. Antenne 
moderate, filiform, or dentate, simple, ciliated, or pectinated, pectinations 
diminishing in length towards base and apex. Abdomen and legs without 
special characters. Forewings with 12 veins (rarely vein 11 obsolete), 
1 simple, 7, 8, and 9 always on a common stalk, 10 generally anastomosing 
with 9, 11 generally anastomosing with 10, 12 sometimes anastomosing 
with 11. Hindwings with 8 veins (often 7 by obsolescence of 5), normal 
vein 8 free or anastomosing with 7 towards base, always leaving 7 before 
the transverse vein, 
