ORDER RUMINANTIA. 163 



group in particular carries the resemblance even to a simi- 

 larity in the shape of the horns. In common with the rest 

 of the Caprina, their horns are persistent ; consisting of a 

 solid bony core, with a true horn vaginating upon it. 

 These are present or absent in the females and in the males, 

 sometimes to the number of four. The core or osseous 

 nucleus is solid, destitute of sinus or pores within the 

 base ; it stands generally almost above and between the 

 arches of the orbits. The horn itself turns into various 

 curves or directions, often without consimilarity in the 

 kindred species of the groups. The ears are usually long, 

 moveable, and furnished on their internal surface with 

 three striae of whitish hairs upon the naked darker ground 

 of the skin. The eyes, likewise in the greater number, are 

 large, prominent, dark and soft, and beneath them, in the 

 direction of the nose, a sack is found in most species, more 

 or less developed, opening externally by a slit, as in certain 

 deer, and in some appearing to communicate with the 

 nostrils and the olfactory apparatus ; while in others again, 

 a puncture only is seen, and a second sack descending near 

 to the corners of the mouth, likewise communicates exter- 

 nally by a slit or a puncture": the former of these seems to 

 afford increased facilities in breathing, and greater powers 

 of scent ; but the use of the latter is as yet unascertained in 

 the animal economy. The nostrils are usually shaped as in 

 sheep, or without a naked and moist muzzle : some, how- 

 ever, have this form half developed, or a half muzzle, and 

 others again have one as complete as in the Stag, but never 

 to the extent which is seen in the Ox or Buffalo. They are 

 provided with a gall-bladder. The mammae of the females 

 are always inguinal ; in number either two or four, and 

 these are often observable in a rudimental state on the ab- 

 domen of the males. Beside these, in the hollow part of 

 the groin, small naked folds of the skin or inguinal pores 

 are found, one on each side of many of the middle-sized 



