— 38 — 



ever on pi. I both kinds of Androconia here summed 

 under A and B are excellently figured in their common 

 forms. 



Sex: Armature, a) Tegumen. This in all species 

 terminates in an uncleft hook, but in some the hook- 

 point is like a short claw protuding from a bird's 

 foot, or a feline paw [senobia Leech, sayana Dbldy. 

 & W.). The whole projecting cover is with one ex- 

 ception ( = kamala M.) ornamented above by a double 

 mane of hair {childreni Gray, senobia Leech, ruslana 

 Motch. with S-curved projection, hyperbius Joh. and 

 costetsi Obth. with a straight hook like hawk's beak), 

 by a chitinous crown like a cock's comb, spiked 

 (maja Cr., six or seven spikes; paphia. L., four to 

 six spikes, with subsp. neopaphiu Stgr., and the ge- 

 nerally six spiked dives Obth.); by a double- wattled 

 comb, not spiked, but with a few spikes below it 

 (sac/ana Dbldy. &Hew.). Or it is long and thin, bent 

 slightly inwards, the whole looking like a wasp's or 

 bee's sting (anadyomene Feld., laodice Pall, and subsp. 

 rudra Moore). 



b) Vulvae. These are loosely curled and shaped 

 as in Boloria Moore and Clossiana m. (Boloria part.'), 

 Type: selene) with scarcely developed inner armour, 

 or better folded and flattened as in Bat h or a and in 

 these cases well-armed in different ways with outer 

 upper marginal armour such as spikes, hooks, spiked 

 chitinous "cushions" and chitinised projecting points 

 of the upper and lower .marginal folds themselves, 

 where the edges of these folds meet against the inner 

 surface of the valvae. The saw-like harpe also deve- 

 lops on the edges of the aforesaid folds in paphia, 

 childreni, senobia, hyperbius, kamala, maja, anadyo- 

 mene (only on lower fold in the last species). 

 An exception is made by kamala, which has the val- 

 vae much like those of the palaearctic genus Fabri- 

 eiana m. (sketched out in the Gubener I.E.Z., 1921, 

 No. 1, as the niobe = cydippe = tterippe-growp l ) and 

 the tegumen of Bathora Moore. The penis of most 

 species is armoured partially by a mantle of chiti- 

 nous scales — this is not the case in other genera. 

 The two (in all genera except Fabriciana) leaf 

 shaped chitinous plates on both sides and at the 

 base of the penis are very strongly chitinised, curved, 

 with slightly serrate edges curled upwards. 



Androconia. The six forewing veins on which 

 these may occur are termed m,- m 3 , cu lt cu 2 , ax 

 successivly, (ax = axillaris being the innermarginal 

 vein). The androconia are of two kinds, A and B, 

 already mentioned. Then "AB cu 2 , cui," would 

 mean that both kinds of scales are present on those 

 veins together. In this case the B-scales always 

 occupy the raised parts, visible to the naked eye, 

 and the A-scales are distributed (in a small scale variety) 

 beside the ridge of prominent scales and on the 

 distal parts of the vein (cubitus) nearly to the margin. 



u Kainala 3 B" shall denote that Jcamala has fi- 

 scales only on 3 forewing veins, counting from ax 

 upwards and always including ax, unless marked 

 "ax not". 



1) Now the pallesceus-grou]), consisting of pallescens Btl., 

 nerippe Fid., taliana m., nov. sp., from Tali, Viinnan, and 

 taliana stoetzneri m., nov. subsp , from Setchwan, China 

 (Types in the Berlin Museum). 



In this way the distribution of the androconia can 

 be denoted as follows: 

 Section 1. Species only with B-androconia. 



Dryas anadyomene B cu 2 , or rarely B cui, cu 2 

 (= also expressed by 2 B, ax not) ; Jcamala 3 B, 

 maja 4 B . 

 Section 2. Species and subspecies with A- and B- 

 androconia. 



a) B-scales only on cu 2 : 



Dryas laodice, A ax, AB cu 2 ; paphia, 

 neopaphia, dives, etc. A ax, AB cu ä , A cui, m 3 ; 

 sayana (with mimetic Ç) and ruslana, 5 A, 

 AB cu 2 ; hyperbius castetsi ($ non-mimetic) 

 the same, 5 A, AB cu 2 (the armature is 

 identical with hyperbius , sect. 3!). 



b) B-scales on cu 2 , cui : 



Dryas laodice japonica, A, ax, AB cu 2 , cui; 

 zenobia, the same; childreni, 4 A, AB cu 2 , cui. 

 Section 3. Species and subspecies only with A = 

 androconia. 



Dryas Jiyperbiits, 6 A (Ç mimetic) ; laodice 

 rudra, 2 A (the armature is identical 

 with laodice and laodice f. japonica). 



Larvae. In this genus the thorns of the full grown 

 larvae are longer than in any other. The full grown 

 larvae are hairless, smooth on the back. Before 

 accepting this as final for all 10 species, the Asian 

 forms will want describing — J have seen only 

 European larvae. Brenthis-\a,rv&e are similar in 

 markings, they still, however, show hairs and thorns 

 together in the fullgrown state. 



Pupae. In paphia-Tpu-pae the large protube- 

 rances of the back and head are evidently generic. 

 The pupae remind of Brenthis-Tpvp&e (=^ daphne, ino, 

 hecate) most of all 1 ). 



57.96:15.1 



Zur Bionomie tier Insekten. 



Von Wilhelm Götz. 

 III. Die Geistesfähigkeiten der Ameisen. 



(Fortsetzung aus Heft 10, Bd. 35.) 



Instinkt ist nach Wasmann die spezifisch zweck- 

 mäßige Anlage des sinnlichen Erkenntnis- und Be- 

 gehrungsvermögens im Tiere, die ihre organische 

 Grundlage in der Anlage des Nervensystems hat und 

 sich mit letzterem vererbt. Forel definiert Instinkt 

 als organisiertes, systematisiertes, automatisch ge- 

 wordenesDenken. Noch eine Reihe anderer Definitionen 

 liegen vor von den verschiedensten Psychologen. Da 

 uns aber vor allen die Insekten und deren Geistes- 

 leben interessiert, so wollen wir uns mit diesen beiden 

 Definitionen des Instinkts, begründet auf langjährigen 

 vergleichenden Studien über die Tierpsychologie, 

 begnügen. Auch ist der von verschiedenen Seiten 

 geführte Streit illusorisch, allein durch das Wort 

 Definition. Während man bisher frug, was ist Instinkt, 

 so fragt man jetzt, oder wenigstens soll man so 



1) One has become so accustomed to read: Brenthis 

 selene, Brenthis euphrosyne etc. etc., that it may be well 

 once more to remind that the genus Brenthis Hübner Type; 

 hecate, consists only of the 3 species, hecate, ino, daphne and 

 their subspecies. 



