ORDER PACHYDERMATA. 391 



It is not meant to assert that this consciousness of ex- 

 istence is as clear and strong in animals as in man. But 

 can it be separated from the thinking faculty? And if there 

 are no direct proofs in favour of the opinion that animals 

 possess it, if we are obliged to reason from analogy on the 

 subject, be it remembered, that there is an equal want of 

 proof of any kind on the opposite side of the question. 



Nor can we deny reflection to animals. Do animals 

 never deliberate ? Are all their actions headlong and 

 precipitate 1 Were those already recounted of the ele- 

 phant of this description ? Do they never hesitate before 

 they perform an action 1 Do we never see them on the 

 point of performing a certain action, and then, suddenly 

 perceiving that it was not necessary for their purpose, for- 

 bear to perform it ? No one, however superficial his obser- 

 vation of animals may have been, can deny all this. The 

 elephant in the well was induced to action alternately by 

 caresses, by threats, and by promises. It appears, there- 

 fore, that reflection is as inseparable from mind, as ex- 

 tension is from matter. That which is not extended, can- 

 not be material; that which does not reflect, cannot be 

 intellectual. 



Before we dismiss for the present the subject of animal 

 intelligence, we would for a moment indulge ourselves in 

 another remark, which may serve to strengthen the foregoing 

 considerations. Without at all subjecting ourselves to the 

 charge of materialism, we may believe that certain physical 

 organs or instruments are absolutely necessary to the ope- 

 rations of mind. We have no knowledge of mind operating 

 independently of such media. It is not necessary to stop to 

 prove that man receives his ideas through the senses, and 

 performs operations between them with his brain. In other 

 words, that the brain is the organ, though not the principle 

 of intelligence, and that a certain organic structure is ne- 

 cessary to the action of that principle in man. Now if we 



