ORDER PACHYDERMATA. 459 



ture, when she has any tendency to produce the end we 

 aim at. Such principles should form the basis of every 

 rule respecting the direction of studs ; but the majority of 

 men who are engaged in the education and breeding of 

 horses, seem utterly to misunderstand or overlook them. 

 By kindness, gentleness, and patience alone, can we suc- 

 ceed in subduing and instructing these valuable animals, 

 when they are not naturally vicious. Force may doubtless 

 constrain them to obey, but they will at the same time lose 

 their most valuable qualities, their ardour, courage, do- 

 cility and intelligence. Let us observe the difference be- 

 tween an animal which has been habitually influenced by 

 the whip, and him who has always been guided by the 

 skilful hand of his rider. The one will love his master, and 

 delight in obedience to his commands ; the other will cease 

 to obey when he has ceased to tremble, and when he has 

 once discovered the secret of his strength, he will take 

 ample vengeance on his oppressor. The operation, indeed, 

 of properly breaking horses, is one of extreme difficulty, 

 and one which has seldom been well performed, because it 

 has been mostly intrusted to the hands of empirics. Its 

 success depends upon principles which are drawn from the 

 physical and moral qualities of the animal which such 

 empirics have never studied. The most important point 

 to attain, is that all the perceptions of the Horse should 

 be clear and precise, without this, memory is useless, pro- 

 duces only vague associations, and can do nothing but mis- 

 guide. It is on this account that gentleness and patience 

 are so essential to the education of horses. Nothing is so 

 calculated to confuse and falsify the impressions we 

 attempt$ to make, than to accompany them continually 

 with chastisement and terror. 



The second species of this genus which we shall notice, 

 is the Dziggtai, Equus Hemionus of Pallas. The tail has 

 hairs only on its extremity, and there is a black dorsal line 

 which enlarges on the crupper. In winter the hair is very 



