12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 



or yellowish Indian. On the equator itself we have the African 

 Negro, the brown Malay of Borneo, and the yellow Tupi of the valley 

 of the Amazons. North of the blonde Russian is found the yellow 

 Samoyede, south of the brown men of equatorial Sumatra and Java 

 live the blacks of Australia, and the two darkest native races of this 

 continent live near the mouth of the Colorado and that of the La 

 Plata, each of which points is, speaking roughly, about thirty degrees 

 distant from the equator. 



The people of the eastern continent, south of the Tropic of Cancer, 

 are for the most part brown or black. Divide what is north of the 

 tropics into two halves by the seventy-fifth parallel of longitude and 

 those to the west are white, those to the east yellow. The inhabit- 

 ants of the islands of the Pacific vary from the light yellow of the 

 Japanese to the chocolate brown of the Papuans. In America the 

 Haidah Islanders and the aborigines of the neighboring parts of 

 Alaska are almost white, the California and Arizona Indians are dark 

 brown ; the Tupis and G-uaranis that occupy the valleys of the 

 Orinoco and the Amazons, are yellow ; the Peruvians, and the 

 aborigines of La Plata and Patagonia, are brown. The darkest of 

 these, the Charrnas, who lived near the mouth of the La Plata, have 

 sometimes been described as black. 



The variations within a short distance are often very striking. 

 There is more dark hair in Wales than in England in the same 

 latitude, but the proportions of dark eyes are reversed. In Wales, 

 in Ireland, and in Brittany, dark hair and blue eyes are very frequently 

 combined, and this has been supposed to be due to Celtic influence. 

 In Ireland, according to Poesche, ninety per cent of the people have 

 bluish-gray eyes. In Teutonic countries blue eyes are more abundant 

 than gray ; in Slavonic countries the reverse is the case. In Switzer- 

 land the people of the mountains are darker than those of the 

 valleys. In Bavaria the inhabitants of the low-lying country, near 

 the Danube, are the darkest. In Transcaucasia those who live near 

 the Black Sea are blonde, those near the Caspian yellow, — between, 

 there are dark whites. Blondes are found sporadically among a large 

 number of the races of the Northern Hemisphere. That some of 

 the extinct Gkianches of the Canary Islands were blonde, is proved by 

 their mummies. If we may trust the recently discovered picture of 

 the mother of King Amenhotep IV., who reigned in Egypt, probably 

 1700 B.C., she was a blonde. At any rate, fair-haired and light-eyed 



