IN THE KHITAN LANGUAGES. 289 



responded with the Basque ortz, so does the Yuma hullyar almost 

 perfectly reproduce the Basque hilargia. Let the Iroquois n be- 

 come r, and kelarquaw is the Basque hilargia and the Yuma hullyar. 

 The Quichua, still retaining its original guttural, changes hilargia 

 and hullyar to coyllor, but employs the word to designate not the 

 moon but a star. It is worthy of note that the Yukahiri of Siberia, 

 which renders the sun as yelonsha, calls the moon kininsha, thus 

 replacing the I as well as the r of hilargia by n, and preparing the 

 way for the Aino kunezu and another Iroquois form, kanaughquaw. 



An Iroquois word for an axe or hatchet is ahdokenh, and this is 

 the Koriak adaganu. Turning once more to the Yuma, the pheno- 

 menon presented in aredoche and hullyar is repeated, for the Yuma 

 word for an axe is atacarte. Here again we meet with the Basque, 

 for atacarte is to aizkora as aredoche is to ortz. In Aino and Ja- 

 panese the Basque word takes a prefix m, and aizkora becomes 

 masakari. 



The Yuma gives us kooruk for the adjective old, and the Iroquois, 

 akaion ; here also the Yuma and the Basque agree, for in the latter 

 language old is agurea. But in the Lesghian both forms appear, 

 for, while the Avar and three other dialects accord with the Basque 

 and Yuma in herau, two, the Akush and Kubetsh, are in hai-mony 

 with the Iroquois, ukna and okna being their respective renderings. 

 In North America the Dacotah also gives two forms, that of the 

 Sioux or Dacotah proper being kon, and that of the TJpsai-okas or 

 Crows, karrahairea. The double form karrahairea is itself far from 

 singular. The Lesghian tribe of the Avars, besides herau, uses 

 mirvara, which becomes noorkoor in Corean, porugur in Aino, and 

 furuberu in Japanese. 



A remarkable word for egg is the Basque arraultzia. The appli- 

 cation of the rule to r and I reduces arraultzia to annauntzia, which 

 is almost the sound of the Iroquois word onhonchia. The Quichua 

 agrees with the Iroquois in changing the I to n, but retains the r, 

 and removes the initial vowel ; thus arraultzia becomes runto. A 

 similar elision of the initial vowel takes place in Kamtschatdale, 

 which furnishes the two forms — lilchatsh corresponding with the 

 Basque, and nyhatch according with the Iroquois. 



In all the Khitan languages there is no radical distinction of ad- 

 jective and verb. Indeed almost any word may become a verb. 

 Taking the word dead, therefore, we find it represented by the 



