RISE AND PROGRESS OF ZOOLOGY. lvii 



tern of arrangement exceedingly simple, resting 

 on divisions principally derived from the cha- 

 racters of external structure, food, habits, and 

 locality. In truth, the science was not at that 

 time sufficiently advanced for any other more 

 abstruse arrangement. Neither human nor 

 comparative anatomy were sufficiently culti- 

 vated to lend their aid to the formation of a 

 better system ; for comparative anatomy must 

 always go hand in hand with Zoology, and the 

 progress of one science always must bear an 

 exact proportion to that of the other. Aristotle 

 was, however, well aware of the advantages of 

 a more scientific distribution of the animal 

 world, and has strongly recommended to suc- 

 ceeding writers an attentive examination of the 

 internal structure of animals as forming a 

 proper basis of division : accordingly, most of 

 the modern systems have rested on this foun- 

 dation. 



Our countryman Ray built his system on this 

 recommendation of Aristotle. He attended 

 closely to the different structures, and remarked 

 that most essential and grand difference, that 

 some animals possessed lungs and a sangui- 

 neous system, while others were destitute of 

 both. He is undoubtedly the first writer on 

 zoological subjects who has any pretensions to 



